Background. Breast cancer is one of the four types of cancer among women and is the most frequently diagnosed in most countries. Breast cancer occurs due to DNA damage and genetic mutations affected by exposure to estrogen, inheritance of damaged DNA, or pro-cancer genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Therefore, a family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The embryo of the breast develops around the age of 6 weeks of pregnancy. Similar to breast development, fingerprint patterns also develop during the 6-13 weeks of pregnancy. Thus, the genetic message contained in the genome occurred during that period and was reflected in the dermatoglyphic pattern.Methods. The literature search was systematically used using PubMed, Cochran, Google scholar, and other Gray literature between 2010-2020. Of the 69 publications identified, 21 met the criteria and were included in the review. The review is carried out following the provisions of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review).Results. This systematic review showed fairly consistent findings in breast cancer patients who tended to have more whorl fingerprint patterns and larger ATD angles. For radial loops, ulnar loops and arches were minor compared to the control group potential as an initial screening tool in at-risk groups.Conclusion. Long-term and follow-up studies with larger sample sizes in various ethnicities are needed to validate dermatoglyphics in anthropometric measurements as a promising marker of breast cancer.

Background. Population growth needs to be controlled so as not to cause new and serious problems. Pregnancy and birth control is a solution to control this sizable population growth. Contraception is a way to prevent pregnancy, by inhibiting the process of ovulation, fertilization and implantation. Nevertheless, most of contraceptive regiments were aimed to woman. Male contraception nowadays is very rare. Papaya seed is one of the male contraceptive candidates which has the potential to be developed as male contraception. Previous studies have shown the potential of papaya seed extract could reduce the weight of reproductive organs of male white rats, where it was believed that there was a decrease in spermatogenesis activity. Methods. This research was an in-vivo experimental research post-test only with control group. The study used 32 male and healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain with 8-10 weeks of age. Rats were grouped into 1 control group and 4 treatment groups that were randomly selected. The four treatment groups were group 1: control administered 1% 2ml CMC orally one time per day every morning, group 2: were given N-hexane papaya seed fraction, group 3: were given ethyl acetate papaya seed fraction and group 4: were given ethanol-water papaya seed fraction. The three fractions were given to rats orally at a dose of 100 mg / KgBB / day for 24 days. After that, rat's testes and epidydimis were evacuated to observe reproductive organs and sperm quality. Results. Anatomically, Group 2 and 3 were statistically significant in reducing testicular's and epidydimis' weight compared to the control group, but the n-hexane group was more effective in reducing testicular weight than other treatment groups. Furthermore, groups 2, 3 and 4 were statistically significant in reducing  sperm quality (motility, viability, amount of sperm cells and normal sperm cell morphology)  compared to the control group, but the n-hexane group was more effective in reducing sperm quality than other treatment groups. Conclusion. Papaya seed n-hexane fraction has potential as a male contraceptive by reducing spermatogenesis activity and decreasing sperm quality in white rats. Keyword : papaya seed, male contraception, rat's sperm

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Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang memanfaatkan tanaman sebagai obat alternatif untuk menangani penyakit yang diderita masyarakat. Daun benalu jeruk nipis banyak mengandung senyawa aktif yang dapat menjadi antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian adalah menguji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi dan senyawa aktif daun benalu jeruk nipis (Dendrophtoe petandra (L.)Miq.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini menggunakan sel bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli sebagai objek dan menggunakan beberapa konsentrasi dari fraksi nheksan benalu jeruk nipis. Penelitian menerapkan metode eksperimental laboratorium secara in vitro yang bersifat eksploratif analitik melalui teknik fraksinasi cair-cair (FCC) dengan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan metanol yang diuapkan menggunakan Rotary evaporator dan teknik pengeringan menggunakan hair dryer. Skrining fitokimia bertahap dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin, terpenoid, steroid, dan triterpenoid yang ditandai adanya busa dan terbentuknya cincin berwarna. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa berat fraksi yang diperoleh menggunakan pelarut n-Heksan = 1,32 gram (3,38%), etil asetat = 32,76 gram (83,94%), dan etanol air = 4,95 gram (12,68%). Hasil uji skrining fitokimia diperoleh pada ekstrak (4 senyawa kimia), fraksi n-heksan (2 senyawa), fraksi etil asetat (4 senyawa) dan fraksi etanol air (2 senyawa kimia). Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri diperoleh diameter zona hambat fraksi n-Heksan pada E.coli (9,25±1,15) dan S.aureus (9,41±0,52); etil asetat pada E.coli (10,67±1,15) dan S.aureus (10,33±0,52). Hasil uji konsentrasi hambat minimum fraksi n-Heksan 80.000 ug/ml pada E.coli (12,33±0,95) dan S.aureus (12,75±0,52), dan 625 ug/ml pada E.coli (7,29±0,18) dan S.aureus (0,00±0,00).

Background. Breast cancer is one of the four types of cancer among women and is the most frequently diagnosed in most countries. Breast cancer occurs due to DNA damage and genetic mutations affected by exposure to estrogen, inheritance of damaged DNA, or pro-cancer genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Therefore, a family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The embryo of the breast develops around the age of 6 weeks of pregnancy. Similar to breast development, fingerprint patterns also develop during the 6-13 weeks of pregnancy. Thus, the genetic message contained in the genome occurred during that period and was reflected in the dermatoglyphic pattern.Methods. The literature search was systematically used using PubMed, Cochran, Google scholar, and other Gray literature between 2010-2020. Of the 69 publications identified, 21 met the criteria and were included in the review. The review is carried out following the provisions of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review).Results. This systematic review showed fairly consistent findings in breast cancer patients who tended to have more whorl fingerprint patterns and larger ATD angles. For radial loops, ulnar loops and arches were minor compared to the control group potential as an initial screening tool in at-risk groups.Conclusion. Long-term and follow-up studies with larger sample sizes in various ethnicities are needed to validate dermatoglyphics in anthropometric measurements as a promising marker of breast cancer.