Fibrolipoma is a benign tumor which is classified as a histological variant of conventional lipoma. It rarely occurs in oral and maxillofacial region. When present, it occurs as a soft, smooth surfaced nodular mass that can be pedunculated or sessile. Most of the lesions are less than 3 cm in size, although it may vary. Fibrolipomas mostly affect buccal mucosa and buccal vestibule and cause functional and cosmetic disabilities. Herniation of buccal pad of fat caused by trauma may also mimic lipoma. Hence, accurate histopathological examination of lipomas is important for a correct treatment plan. Here, we present 2 cases of oral fibrolipoma that presented on the retromolar triangle area and alveolar ridge in relation to missing maxillary right first molar.

Background:Sexual identification of immature skeletal remains is still a difficult problem to solve in forensic anthropology. In such situations, the odontometric features of the teeth can be of immense help. Teeth, being the hardest and chemically the most stable tissue in the body, are an excellent material in living and nonliving populations for anthropological, genetic, odontologic, and forensic investigations. Using tooth size standards, whenever it is possible to predict the sex, identification is made easier because then only missing persons of one sex need to be considered.Aim:To determine sex from the odontometric data using maxillary canine index and maxillary first molar dimensions and to determine which index gives higher accuracy rate for sex determination using only maxillary cast.Materials and Methods:In a sample size of 200 population (100 male and 100 female), alginate impression was taken of maxillary arch and poured with dental stone. Using Vernier caliper, the dimension of maxillary first molar (buccolingual [BL] and mesiodistal [MD]), canine (MD), and intercanine distance was measured on the cast. The obtained data were analyzed using discriminant statistical analysis.Result and Conclusion:This study concludes that BL dimension of maxillary first molar is a more reliable indicator for gender determination than other molar and canine dimensions in maxilla.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), the most commonly encountered potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesion, is a chronic disorder associated with areca nut chewing. It has a relatively high potential for malignant transformation resulting into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common oral malignancy with high mortality rate. Paymaster first described the malignant potential of OSMF in 1956, the rate of which had been estimated to be 7–13%. The pathogenesis of OSMF in itself is quite varied, and hence, its transformation to malignancy is also open to many varied mechanisms. The early diagnosis and sequentially, early treatment of OSMF is desirable so that the progression towards malignancy can be controlled. There are various theories that have been put forward explaining the probable pathway of malignant transformation of OSMF such as hypoxia, areca nut as a carcinogen or epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. Many recent molecular advances have also highlighted few biomarkers and genes that play a pivotal role in transformation of OSMF to OSCC. The purpose of this systematic review is to discuss all the possible mechanisms of malignant transformation of OSMF. Further research is still needed to establish the exact mechanism responsible for transformation of OSMF to OSCC and to reduce the mortality by newer interventions.

Cutaneous horns (cornu cutaneum) are uncommon lesions consisting of keratotic material resembling that of an animal horn. It is a conical- or cylindrical-shaped excessive hyperkeratosis of variable size ranging from few millimeters to several centimeters with a variable in size and shape, such as cylindrical, conical, pointed, transversely or longitudinally corrugated, or curved like a ram's horn. The lesions typically occur in sun-exposed areas, particularly the face, ear, nose, forearms and dorsum of hands. Even though 60% of the cutaneous horns are benign in nature, the possibility of skin cancer should always be kept in mind. The clinical diagnosis includes various benign and malignant lesions at its base. Lesions associated with cutaneous horn are keratosis, sebaceous molluscum, verruca, trichilemmal, Bowen's disease, epidermoid carcinoma, malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Herewith, we report a case of cutaneous horn on the upper lip vermillion masking the underlying malignancy at its base.

Background Age estimation has been an integral part of forensic science, and age estimation by dental means is by far the most commonly employed method. Dental age estimation in children is more accurate and straightforward as most methods use the chronological stages of odontogenesis that are highly systematic, reducing the chances of dispersed results. In contrast, estimation of age in adults becomes tricky and less accurate with varied approaches since tooth formation is already complete. Main body The methods of adult dental age estimation have come a long way from a calculated guess based on crude visual observation of teeth to radiological methods and to more recent sophisticated methods. Technological advances have opened up molecular and genetic methods by utilizing DNA methylation and telomere length to improve the accuracy of age estimation by reducing error chances. Conclusions Although dental age estimation methods in children and adolescents have been extensively reviewed, various adult age estimation methods are not reviewed as a whole. The aim of this review is to appraise the evolution of dental age estimation methods in adults over the years from mere visualization of dental attrition to employing more sophisticated means such as radioactive carbon dating and genetics. This comprehensive review also attempts to add an account of the accuracy and suitability of various adult dental age estimation methods.