No abstract

We conducted a longitudinal study to detect and isolate avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in two highly productive poultry areas in Mexico. A total of 968 breeder hens and pullets from 2 to 73 weeks of age were analysed. Serology was performed to detect aMPV antibodies and 105 samples of tracheal tissue were collected, pooled by age, and used for attempted virus isolation and aMPV nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). The serological analysis indicated that 100% of the sampled chickens showed aMPV antibodies by 12 weeks of age. Five pools of pullet samples collected at 3 to 8 weeks of age were positive by nRT-PCR and the sequences obtained indicated 98 to 99% similarity with the reported sequences for aMPV subtype A. Virus isolation of nRT-PCR-positive samples was successfully attempted using chicken embryo lung and trachea mixed cultures with subsequent adaptation to Vero cells. This is the first report of detection and isolation of aMPV in Mexico.

As an emerging disease, the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus has caused substantial economic losses to the pork industry in Mexico, leading to piglet mortality rates of up to 100%. For detection, sequencing and genetic characterization of the virus, 68 samples of one‐week‐old piglets from pork farms in 17 states of Mexico were analysed. In total, 53 samples were positive by real‐time RT‐PCR, confirming the presence of the virus in 15 states. Twenty‐eight samples from 10 states were amplified by endpoint RT‐PCR, and 20 sequences of the spike gene were obtained. A phylogenetic analysis based on the spike gene demonstrated that all Mexican strains are in Group II and are classified as non‐Indel‐S emerging variants. Three strains showed amino acid insertions: PEDv/MEX/GTO/LI‐DMZC15/2015 and PEDv/MEX/QRO/LI‐DMZC45/2016 showed one amino acid insertion (424Y425 and 447D448, respectively), and PEDv/MEX/QRO/LI‐DMZC49/2019 showed one and two amino acid insertions (422C423 and 537SQ538), with the second insertion in the COE region. These results provide evidence of the prevalence of emerging, non‐Indel‐S strains of the virus are currently circulating in Mexico during 2016–2018, when three of which have amino acid insertions: PEDv/MEX/GTO/IN‐DMZC15/2015 and PEDv/MEX/QRO/IN‐DMZC45/2016 have one amino acid insertion each (424Y425 and 447D448, respectively), and PEDv/MEX/QRO/IN‐DMZC49/2019 has one (422C423) and two amino acid insertions (537SQ538), the latter being in the COE region, which could generate new antigenic variants.

En los sistemas de producción porcina, uno de los puntos críticos que deben ser atendidos con estricto rigor, es la salud de los cerdos. La salud, es un componente estructural del bienestar animal y refleja un estado óptimo de los animales, lo que repercute directamente en un mayor desempeño productivo y mejores condiciones de desarrollo. Uno de los eslabones más frágiles de la salud de los cerdos, es la presencia de enfermedades infecciosas más importantes, las cuales pueden representar pérdidas hasta del 100 % de la producción, por lo cual, debe ser un tema de atención constante, y continuamente vigilado por el Médico Veterinario Zootecnista y los productores, en perfecta coordinación con las autoridades sanitarias oficiales. En la actualidad, la implementación de mejores prácticas en la cadena productiva es de interés para productores y consumidores. El control de las enfermedades infecciosas debe ser un tema de colaboración entre los diferentes actores del entorno y ser considerado un bien público, ya que las repercusiones negativas, pueden ser desde el nivel local hasta mundial. En la presente revisión, se abordará la temática relacionada con las principales enfermedades infecciosas que ponen en riesgo la salud porcina, el impacto, las principales aportaciones realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) en sus 35 años de vida, específicamente en el Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), anteriormente conocido como el emblemático CENID-Microbiología o Palo Alto.