Background: Menstrual hygiene is an important aspect in the life of young girls.The present study aims at assessing the knowledge regarding menstruation and hygienic practices and perceptions during menstruation.Methods: It was a cross sectional study, conducted among 100 young girls of 20-22 years age to assess the awareness of menstrual hygiene. Data was collected by pre-tested questionnaire. Statistics was calculated in percentages.Results: Out of 100 girls, 71 (71%) knew about menstruation before menarche while 29 (29%) did not have any knowledge. 71 (71%) girls knew the cause of menstruation as physiological, 18 (18%) girls didn’t know the cause, 11 (11%) girls still believe it as curse of God. 68 (68%) girls knew the source of bleeding during menstruation as uterus, 20 (20%) girls thought it as vagina while 12 (12%) thought it as urethra. 64% girls use sanitary pads during menstruation, 19% girls used old cloth while 17% girls used new cloth during menstruation as adsorbent material. 9% girls dispose pads or used cloth in dustbin, 19% girls flush them in toilet while 12% girls throw them roadside. 96% girls avoid going to temple, 68% girls restrict their daily activities, 56% girls avoid going to functions, 50% girls avoid going to kitchen, 50% girls avoid going to kitchen while 45% girls avoid touching things at home.Conclusions: It is very important that young girls should be educated about the importance of maintaining hygiene during menstruation to prevent the risk of reproductive tract infections.

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INTRODUCTION : Cardiovascular disease (including coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) is no.1 cause of worldwide mortality, with about 80% of burden occurring in developing countries. Sudden cardiac death is dened as unexpected death from cardiac causes either without symptoms or within 1-24 hours of onset of symptoms(1). The common cause of sudden cardiac death is ischaemic heart disease. Non ischaemic sudden cardiac death occurs in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and in severe left ventricular hypertrophy(2). The purpose of this study will be to determine the causes of sudden death and observe the spectrum of morphological and histopathological changes in heart after sudden death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This autopsy study was conducted on 121 cases of sudden death over a period extending from January 2019 to August 2020 in autopsy section of Pathology department of BJGMC, Pune. In this autopsy study hearts of patients with a history of sudden death were evaluated for histological and morphological changes. Each heart was grossed adopting the inow outow method and short axis method. Staining solutions used were Solution A: Alum Hematoxylin and Solution B: 1% Eosin Y. OBSERVATIONS : 50 (41.32%) cases out of 121 cases had coronary artery disease along with myocardial infarction of which 43 cases were males and 7 cases were females. No cardiac aetiology was found in 23.96% cases. Coronary artery disease was independently seen in 14.87% cases. Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy was noted in 4.13% cases. Myocardial infarction independently was noted in 3.30%cases, Myocarditis in 2.47% cases, myocarditis with pericarditis in 1.65% cases, HOCM, lipoma, mitral stenosis, pericarditis, septic infarct, secondaries of adenocarcinoma, early vegetation and small vessel disease in 0.82% cases. Calcic aortic stenosis was demonstrated in 1 case. Brown atrophy was demonstrated in 1 case. DISCUSSION : Out of 69 cases of coronary artery disease calcication was commonly seen in 34(49.27%) cases. 47(82.45%) (M-39,l F-8) out of 57 cases of myocardial infarction demonstrated chronic or old infarct. Single vessel involvement was most common in which left anterior descending coronary artery was signicantly involved in 68.75 % cases. Posterior wall was most commonly involved by myocardial infarction which included posterior, posteroseptal, and posterolateral infarcts.

Background: Thyroid hormone is critical to normal development of the baby’s brain and nervous system. During the first trimester, the fetus depends on the mother’s supply of thyroid hormone, which comes through the placenta. At around 12 weeks, the baby’s thyroid begins to function on its own. In our study, complete thyroid profile of all antenatal patients was done at the first antenatal visit along with routine investigations. Aim of the study was to study the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in low income, urban pregnant women.Methods: This is a retrospective study that includes 400 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Government medical college and hospital, Nagpur in the month of April 2017. These patient’s data was randomly selected in the biochemistry department where samples come. Thyroid profile is being done as a routine test along with other antenatal profile tests in our hospital. Thyroid profile test includes serum T3, serum T4 and serum TSH.Results: A total of 400 pregnant women were included in this study. Results showed 34% prevalence of hypothyroidism of which 30% being subclinical hypothyroidism and 4% overt hypothyroidism. There was 9.5% prevalence of hyperthyroidism of which 5.5% being subclinical hyperthyroidism and 4% overt hyperthyroidism.Conclusions: The study shows a very high prevalence rate of hypothyroidism in the patients attending the antenatal outpatient department at Government medical college and hospital, Nagpur. This justifies the inclusion of thyroid profile test as a routine test in the antenatal profile.

INTRODUCTIONAccording to WHO, a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI equal to or greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. 1 A body mass index <24.9kg/m 2 and a waist circumference <80cm are recommended so as to decrease the likelihood of developing a menopausal insulin-resistance syndrome. 2 American Heart association/American college of cardiology guidelines recommend adherence to dietary and lifestyle habits including body weight control and physical activity. 2 Diabetes definitely increases the other risk factors and modifies the protective effect by estrogens. 2 Carcinoma breast and carcinoma cervix are leading causes for cancer deaths in India. Still, these get detected only in late stages. Preventive measures and early detection of disease will help to decrease the burden of these cancers. 3 Vaccination of girls between 9 and 12 years may offer an option to decrease this burden. The use of HPV Vaccine has been approved by the Drug Controller of India. 3 In the last decades, papilloma and herpes viruses got more importance in the development of epithelial dysplasia, neoplasia and cervical cancer. Cervical cancer has the second place in mortality from gynecological Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACTBackground: Managing the hectic schedule, female doctors often neglect their own health. In the present study, we evaluated the awareness, attitude and practices of breast, cervical and ovarian malignancies and also hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease and osteoporosis in female doctors. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 female doctors of M.B.B.S. and higher degrees of various subjects. Selection of female doctors was done randomly. Results: In present study, out of 100 female doctors, 90 (90%) were doing their self breast examination regularly and 31 (31%) had done their mammography. 54 (54%) female doctors had their own pap smear done while 72 (72%) female doctors had their own ultrasound got done. 82 (82%) had their own blood pressure check up, 74 (74%) had their own blood sugar checked, 62 (62%) had got their own lipid profile done while only 44 (44%) female doctors had their ECG done and 48 (48%) had their bone mineral density done. 23 (23%) female doctors were diagnosed as hypertensive, 14 (14%) as diabetes, 4 (4%) as coronary artery disease, 5 (5%) as breast cancer, 2 (2%) as ovarian cancer, 18 (18%) as thyroid disease while 15 (15%) were detected as having osteopenia. Conclusions: In spite of knowing about all diseases, their complications, screening methods and preventive care, practice of applying screening or preventive methods to themselves is not universa...