BACKGROUND:The safety and sufficiency of blood supply is dependent on the altruism of healthy donors, to provide blood. These donors get exposed to potential risk of discomfort, complications, and rarely injury from the collection procedure. All medical procedures including blood donation carry some risk of adverse events (AE). Although blood donation is generally safe, approximately of 2-6 % of donors experience complications, mostly mild, that resolve promptly but are still unpleasant for donors, and blood services have an obligation to minimize them. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency and severity of AE's occurring in whole blood donors, especially in outdoor camps, and to suggest measures to minimize them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a five year retrospective study on whole blood donors (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). Our blood collection is mainly in camps by voluntary blood donors. Donations in camps: voluntary-8992(81.2%). Donations in blood bank: voluntary 831(7.53%), replacement 1211(10.97%). RESULTS: Overall 258 adverse events occurred in a total of 11034 donors, resulting in an adverse event rate of 2.33%. Most common AE was presyncopal or vasovagal reaction (72.86%). Syncopal minor reactions associated with transient loss of consciousness comprised 14.3%. Severe AE's formed a very small fraction accounting for 1.16%. CONCLUSION: AE analysis helps in identifying the donors at risk and adopting environmentally appropriate measures to reduce risk and improve donor satisfaction. KEY WORDS: voluntary blood donation, outdoor camps, adverse events, vasovagal reactions. INTRODUCTION:All medical procedures carry some risk of adverse events (AE) and blood donation is no exception. After proper donor selection as per the laid down criteria, blood donation is a relatively safe procedure. However, occasionally AE's do occur which are usually mild, but can be severe. Donor complications are an important problem not only for the donors, but also for transfusion medicine in general, as some complications may negatively affect donor recruitment and retention 1 . Adverse events have a negative effect on donor health, donor satisfaction and blood donor return rate (BDRR) 2 . AEs result in disrupted work flow at blood donor centres, impact on customer service to other donors, and also result in loss of/wastage of blood products. Various studies have quoted an AE of 2-6% in donors but only 0.08 -0.3% have a syncopal reaction where there is loss of consciousness 3,4,5 . In order to have an adequate and regular supply of blood it is not only important to recruit new donors but also to retain them as repeat donors.

Clinico-hematological Analysis of Pancytopenia in Adults-A Two Year Prospective Study EDTA anticoagulated blood (2ml) was collected, processed through automated 5part differential cell analyzer and hematological parameters were obtained. Peripheral blood smear was stained with Field's and Leishman stain and examined for RBC, WBC and platelet morphology along with hemoparasites. Anemias were classified morphologically as normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, macrocytic & dimorphic anemia. Informed consent was taken before performing bone marrow aspiration in cases where it was required. Special tests: Rapid malarial antigen test, dengue card test, leptospirosis card test, tests for HIV, Hepatitis viruses, serum vitamin B12, serum iron studies, liver and renal function tests and tests for tuberculosis, USG abdomen, CT and MRI scans, PET scans, etc. were also performed.

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Thalassemics require regular blood transfusion therapy leading to iron overload in the body tissues, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. We hereby attempted to measure this iron overload by means of exfoliative cytology, a non-invasive and inexpensive technique. The aims and objectives of our study were: 1. To detect iron overload by oral exfoliative cytology using Perl's Prussian blue stain in β-thalassemia major patients. 2. To correlate staining positivity with serum ferritin levels. Smears were obtained from buccal mucosa of 50 β-thalassemia major patients (who had taken more than 12 transfusions) and 25 healthy subjects of the same age group as controls. Smears were stained with Perl's Prussian blue. Blood samples were taken from the study group for estimation of serum ferritin levels. Grading criteria were defined for assessing the Prussian blue positivity. Perl's positivity was observed in 49 out of 50 of thalassemic patients (98%). 1 patient had Grade 0, 7 patients had Grade I, 5 had Grade II, 12 had Grade III, 14 had Grade IV while 11 patients had Grade V positivity. Spearman Rank's Correlation Co-efficient was 0.38, signifying a weak positive correlation between positivity of buccal smears for Perl's Prussian blue staining and respective serum ferritin levels. Perl's Prussian blue staining of exfoliated cells from buccal mucosa can be used to assess iron overload in β-thalassemia major patients, as a screening as well as diagnostic tool. With the grading system we can give a semi-quantitative assessment of the same.

Objective: As the incidence of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) worldwide has increased, so has the need for performing Hemodialysis (HD) and Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). We sought to identify risk factors and measure the rate of infections in pediatric patients undergoing dialysis.