Proteomic exploration of the central pair Cilia and flagella are highly organized structures of eukaryotes which propel the cell motions or generate liquid flows around the cells. The central pair complex is located at the center of cilia and flagella. It is known to be essential for the regulation of beating of cilia and flagella, but its protein composition and architecture were poorly understood. By exploiting comprehensive mass spectrometry and several mutant strains of Chlamydomonas, we identified novel central pair proteins and mapped these proteins to the structure. Our model can be used as a foundation to understand the functions of the central pair complex.

BackgroundDisasters are events that disrupt the daily functioning of a community or society, and may increase long-term risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the impact of disasters, including pandemics, on cardiometabolic outcomes across the life-course.DesignA systematic search was conducted in May 2020 using two electronic databases, EMBASE and Medline. All studies were screened in duplicate at title and abstract, and full-text level. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed the association between a population-level or community disaster and cardiometabolic outcomes ≥1 month following the disaster. There were no restrictions on age, year of publication, country or population. Data were extracted on study characteristics, exposure (eg, type of disaster, region, year), cardiometabolic outcomes and measures of effect. Study quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools.ResultsA total of 58 studies were included, with 24 studies reporting the effects of exposure to disaster during pregnancy/childhood and 34 studies reporting the effects of exposure during adulthood. Studies included exposure to natural (n=35; 60%) and human-made (n=23; 40%) disasters, with only three (5%) of these studies evaluating previous pandemics. Most studies reported increased cardiometabolic risk, including increased cardiovascular disease incidence or mortality, diabetes and obesity, but not all. Few studies evaluated the biological mechanisms or high-risk subgroups that may be at a greater risk of negative health outcomes following disasters.ConclusionsThe findings from this study suggest that the burden of disasters extend beyond the known direct harm, and attention is needed on the detrimental indirect long-term effects on cardiometabolic health. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, these findings may inform public health prevention strategies to mitigate the impact of future cardiometabolic risk.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020186074.

ObjectivesYoung adults report disproportionality greater mental health problems compared with the rest of the population with numerous barriers preventing them from seeking help. Peer support, defined as a form of social-emotional support offered by an individual with a shared lived experience, has been reported as being effective in improving a variety of mental health outcomes in differing populations. The objective of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the literature investigating the impact of peer support on the mental health of young adults.DesignA scoping review methodology was used to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines across six databases and Google/Google Scholar. Overall, 17 eligible studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review.ResultsOverall, studies suggest that peer support is associated with improvements in mental health including greater happiness, self-esteem and effective coping, and reductions in depression, loneliness and anxiety. This effect appears to be present among university students, non-student young adults and ethnic/sexual minorities. Both individual and group peer support appear to be beneficial for mental health with positive effects also being present for those providing the support.ConclusionsPeer support appears to be a promising avenue towards improving the mental health of young adults, with lower barriers to accessing these services when compared with traditional mental health services. The importance of training peer supporters and the differential impact of peer support based on the method of delivery should be investigated in future research.

16Cilia or flagella of eukaryotes are small micro-hair like structures that are indispensable to 17 single-cell motility and play an important role in mammalian biological processes. Cilia or flagella 18 are composed of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of singlet microtubules called the 19 central pair (CP). Together, this arrangement forms the canonical and highly conserved 9+2 20 axonemal structure. The CP, which is a unique structure exclusive to motile cilia, is a pair of 21 structurally dimorphic singlet microtubules decorated with numerous associated proteins. 22Mutations of CP-associated proteins cause several different physical symptoms termed ciliopathies. 23Thus, it is crucial to understand the architecture of the CP. However, the protein composition of 24 the CP was poorly understood. This was because identification of CP proteins was mostly limited 25 by available Chlamydomonas mutants of CP proteins. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive 26 CP proteome analysis using several CP mutants and identified 37 novel CP protein candidates. By 27 using Chlamydomonas strains lacking specific CP sub-structures, we also present a more complete 28 model of localization of known and newly identified CP proteins. This work has established a new 29 foundation for CP protein analysis for future studies. 30 31 33 34 35 the central pair (CP) [8]. This specific arrangement defines the "9+2" structure of the axoneme 60 ( Fig. 1A). There exists axonemal dyneins (outer dynein arm, ODA; and inner dynein arm, IDA) 61 attached to DMTs which are responsible for the beating of cilia. Radial spoke (RS) complexes are 62 extending from DMTs toward the CP. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) driven by IFT dyneins and IFT 63 kinesins takes place on the DMTs [9]. This arrangement of the axoneme structure is highly 64 conserved in all eukaryotes with motile cilia, suggesting that there exists a similar set of proteins 65 and processes required for similar functional output. Thus, we can study the axoneme composition 66 using model organisms like a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 67The presence of the CP distinguishes motile cilia from its immotile counterpart, primary 68 cilia. The CP works in a diverse array of function including the regulation of local Ca 2+ 69 concentration, ATP/ADP concentration and axonemal dynein activities through mechanical 70 interactions with RS[10-13]. The CP is a huge protein complex composed of a pair of structurally 71 and functionally dimorphic singlet microtubules named C1 and C2 and many other associated 72proteins [14]. The CP has a variety of sub-structures such as C1a, C1b, C1c and C1d on the C1 73 singlet, or C2a, C2b and C2c on the C2 singlet as characterized by traditional cross-sectional 74 electron microscopy (EM) (Fig. 1B). C1 and C2 microtubules are connected by a structure called 75 the "bridge" and "diagonal link". With recent higher resolution cryo-electron tomography (cryo-76 ET) structures, more details of these sub-structures have been characterized allowing the C1a ...