A study was undertaken to examine the presence of the distal oblique bundle of the forearm in a large sample in order to describe its true prevalence. The study sample consisted of 200 cadaveric forearms. Fifteen were excluded due to defects in the distal interosseous membrane. In the remaining 185 specimens, the distal interosseous membrane was examined following removal of soft tissue, to determine whether a distal oblique bundle was present and whether there were connecting fibres to the distal radio-ulnar joint. The distal oblique bundle was observed in 53 specimens (29%). In 45 of these forearms (85%), one or more connecting fibres to the distal radio-ulnar joint were identified. The presence of a distal oblique bundle in 29% is less frequent than that reported in previous literature. The presence of the distal oblique bundle should be noted and may be of importance in the management of disorders of the distal radio-ulnar joint.

IntroductionRing fixation of C1 can be performed using pedicle screws and a rod in case of unstable Jefferson or lateral mass fractures of C1.Materials and methodsIn a case series of three patients, we stabilized C1 fractures surgically using a modified technique of C1 ring fixation by using monoaxial instead of polyaxial screws. Functional outcome and pain was recorded postoperatively.ResultsIn this very small case series, we observed good results concerning pain and functional outcome. All fractures were bony healed within 13 weeks. In one case, a screw penetrated the spinal canal and had to be repositioned. A mild irritation of C2 nerve root occurred in two cases postoperatively.ConclusionC1 Ring fusion with monoaxial screws provides a good ability to reduce the fracture indirectly by the screws and the rod itself.

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To conclude, victims of violence seek for help in emergency rooms daily. Alcohol consumption is the main factor for violent behavior. Public health programs to prevent alcohol related violence and therefore, alcohol-attributable injuries have to be implemented. Addressing the need to enhance the awareness of the health professionals has to be an imperative.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the axillary nerve’s location along superficial anatomical landmarks, and to define a convenient risk zone. Methods: A total of 123 upper extremities were evaluated. After dissection of the axillary nerve, the vertical distance between the upper border of the anterolateral edge of the acromion and the proximal border of the nerve was measured. Furthermore, the interval between the proximal border and the distal border of the axillary nerve’s branches was evaluated. The interval between the distal border of the branches and the most distal part of the lateral humeral epicondyle was measured. The distance between the anterolateral edge of the acromion and the lateral humeral epicondyle was evaluated. Measurements were expressed as proportions with respect to the distance between the acromion and the lateral humeral epicondyle. Results: The distance between the acromion and the proximal border of the axillary nerve’s branches was at a height of 10 percent of the distance between the acromion and the lateral humeral epicondyle, starting from the acromion (90 percent when starting from the lateral humeral epicondyle). The interval between the proximal and distal margins of the axillary nerve’s branches was between 10 percent and 30 to 35 percent of this interval, starting from the acromion (65 to 70 percent when starting from the lateral humeral epicondyle). Conclusions: The authors were able to locate the branches of the axillary nerve at an interval between 10 and 35 percent of the distance between the acromion and the lateral humeral epicondyle, starting from the acromion. This makes the proximal third of this distance an easily applicable risk zone during shoulder surgery.