The brine shrimp Artemia is a highly required, convenient and cost‐effective live food used in fish and shellfish larviculture. Its cysts, originating from a limited number of inland salt lakes, are traded worldwide. Over the past decades, Artemia pond production in solar saltworks, integrated with salt production, has emerged as an alternative to cope with possible cyst shortages and high prices on the international market and as a tool to fulfill local cyst and Artemia biomass demands associated with local and regional aquaculture developments. This article reviews the principles of Artemia pond production and how it is practiced in terms of general management. It also describes the distinctive features that have evolved in various countries, due to geographical, environmental and socio‐economic characteristics and the local aquaculture context. It highlights the lessons that may be learnt from previous successes and failures for new areas where the technique may be introduced. The principles of Artemia pond production are also discussed in the light of global and local Artemia biodiversity, as its protection is key to support the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. This review pioneers in bringing this information, much of which was restricted to grey literature until now, under the attention of the international scientific audience. Future research and development should focus on continued proper management to secure cyst production and to maximize cyst quantities. Moreover, using the information provided by the Artemia genome will allow as well to strive for improved cyst quality, by producing strains with specific market characteristics.
Coastal solar saltworks of Brazil are exploited for sea salt, which becomes progressively concentrated by evaporation. This study aimed to review the current and new potential uses of these systems, in order to provide more dynamic for this activity. The first evaporation ponds are also used for artisanal fisheries, ensuring the livelihood of many families. All the brine rich in secondary salts (bittern) can be widely used by the chemical industry, while the Brazil shows an incipient production of "flower of salt", a salt with distinct characteristics with higher market value than sodium chloride. On the other hand, the saltponds have a high potential for management and obtaining of large populations of Artemia spp., purifying the brine through the action as biological filter. This microcrustacean occurs naturally in intermediate salinity ponds, being commonly used in aquaculture. Species of microalgae and halobacteria found in the saltworks are employed for extraction of beta-carotene and glycerol, used in an extensive list of products with high commercial value. These ecosystems represent refuge zones for many species of migratory birds, becoming imperative to promote the conservation of these hypersaline wetlands.
A presente pesquisa se trata de uma tentativa de elencar alguns dos principais eventos históricos que marcaram a evolução da atividade salineira a partir da colonização da América portuguesa, com enfoque direcionado ao espaço que hoje corresponde ao Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Essa atividade teve início com a descoberta e exploração das reservas naturais e a posterior produção de sal marinho nas salinas artesanais. Ao longo do tempo, a atividade salineira passou a impulsionar o desenvolvimento de outras atividades a ela relacionadas, configurando-se como uma das principais atividades econômicas desenvolvidas nas margens das desembocaduras dos principais rios da Capitania do Rio Grande (do Norte). Com o aumento da demanda nacional (séc. XVIII), várias salinas de pequeno porte passaram a ser construídas ao longo do litoral nordeste do Brasil. Todavia, o advento, no Brasil, da política desenvolvimentista baseada na industrialização (segunda metade do século XX) refletiu profundamente nesta atividade, com a implementação de uma indústria salineira de grande porte, com processos de produção e de engenharia baseados no modelo dos Estados Unidos, com a modernização e dinamização de setores industriais para atender às elevadas demandas da indústria química em expansão no país.
O manguezal é um ecossistema costeiro de grande importância ecológica, apresentando elevada fragilidade frente aos processos naturais e às intervenções humanas na zona costeira. A pesquisa em questão tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre a distribuição das espécies de mangue e os parâmetros geoquímicos da água e do solo no estuário do rio Apodi-Mossoró, localizado no litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, que é um estuário hipersalino. Para a caracterização da vegetação foram utilizados dados florísticos e estruturais amostrados ao longo do estuário, os quais foram relacionados com dados de salinidade da água e do solo. Os resultados indicam que a salinidade atua como fator limitante na distribuição das espécies de mangue ao longo do estuário, devendo esse parâmetro ser levado em consideração quando da elaboração de planos de gerenciamento e recuperação ambiental no estuário em análise.
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