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Preventive management of groundwater resources and their protection against pollution is one of the major challenges of our society. Groundwater systems are related with the surficial processes like territorial administration that is one of the most important tasks into the human development, because it involves serious problems to define the spatial medium, the industrial site-selection and the land-use allocation. Land-use and anthropogenic distribution could be the origin of the emission of pollutants that constitutes a serious health risk in urban areas. Nitrate was used as a pollution indicator in the Pablillo River Basin (PRB), to know the evolution of groundwater quality between 1981 and 2009 using GIS platform linked to vulnerability maps of DRASTIC (Depth to the water table; net groundwater Recharge; Aquifer type; Soil type; Topography; Impact of the vadose zone and hydraulic Conductivity of the saturated zone). The study area is centered on the Linares city; changes in aquifer vulnerability were assessed over time on two stages (2007 and 2001). In both cases, depth from surface to groundwater plays an important role by being the most dynamic variable over time. This study shows that the depth of water table is the key factor in the evaluation of groundwater vulnerability. The significance of land-use impact in contamination process called Index of Pollution Risk (IPR) and nitrate distribution process in the aquifer system was used as anthropogenic indicator together with the IPR in order to associate the land-use, the aquifer-vulnerability and human-activities. The final map of IPR allows determining possible polluted zones verified by high nitrate contents over the aquifer system. Land-use proved to be an important parameter necessary to correct the vulnerability maps using the DRASTIC method. This as-R. A. Dávila Pórcel et al. 1469 sessment is valid for situations where a specific time is defined because six of seven parameters change their properties in a very long term. The IPR-map could be an important key tool to prevent complex scenarios of groundwater contamination and to improve the aquifer management for decision makers, governments and private companies.

The North-East region of Mexican Republic has a semi-arid weather condition; this area covers partially Tamaulipas, Nuevo León and Coahuila states. Pablillo River Basin (PRB) is located close to Nuevo León south border and its catchment area involves Linares City (LC), Hualahuises City (HC) and Cerro-Prieto dam (CP). This reservoir captures drinking water to Monterrey Metropolitan Zone (MMZ) the major urban center on the north-east Mexican region. More than 50% of the potable water for LC comes from groundwater stockpiles. A combination of GIS maps and major ion chemistry analysis has been assessed, to know the origin, geochemical evolution, and hydraulic interconnection of groundwater. During 2008-2009, 46 groundwater samples were taken and analyzed around LC and HC. GIS technology was use to analyze the spatial distribution of the constituents of groundwater through thematic maps. The major ion analysis and its results suggest the presences of two aquifers; shallow porous aquifer on the top and fractured aquifer on the bottom. General water mineralization was discovered, including dissolution of halite, dolomites and carbonates through the aquifers. Water quality varies widely through the aquifers, and the general pathways go from southwest to northeast direction. The overexploitation of groundwater increases the water mixing of groundwater between shallow and deeper aquifers. Natural origin of groundwater and groundwater pollution by anthropogenic activities should be considered in the groundwater quality analysis for drinking water purpose.

Importancia de la hidrogeología urbana; ciencia clave para el desarrollo urbano sostenible 463 ResumenLa expansión urbana resultado del continuo crecimiento poblacional, la creación de industrias de diversos tipos y la paralela concentración de humanos en espacios reducidos, requieren de abastecimiento de agua suficiente y de buena calidad. En muchas ciudades del orbe el agua subterránea es la fuente principal del suministro para la población. A su vez, las actividades antropogénicas vierten grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales y efluentes industriales. El uso de una gran variedad de hidrocarburos y productos químicos en los procesos industriales ocasiona contaminación del suelo y de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable. La complicada interacción entre los sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea y las ciudades (infraestructura, procesos, actividades y desechos) requiere de estudios cada vez más complejos, motivo por el cual emerge una nueva rama científica denominada "hidrogeología urbana" (HU), que es considerada una especialidad de las ciencias hidrogeológicas. El presente trabajo proporciona una visión general de la HU que permite entender los aspectos conceptuales, su campo de aplicación y su manejo. Se presenta información referida a la interdependencia de las ciudades y el aprovechamiento del agua, se detallan los procesos y mecanismos que estudia esta nueva rama del conocimiento, así como sus efectos asociados al medio físico y a la calidad química del agua (procesos contaminantes). Se analizaron casos de estudio tipo de varias ciudades alrededor del mundo con el fin de tener un escenario amplio sobre los impactos ambientales y los avances teóricos y tecnológicos desarrollados en la búsqueda de soluciones eficientes. Se resaltan las directrices y los modelos de gestión sostenible del agua subterránea en los medios urbanos desarrollados con el objetivo de proteger el medio ambiente y la salud pública de los residentes urbanos por medio de un análisis integral.Palabras clave: hidrogeología, ciudad, recarga, subsidencia, contaminación, gestión del agua. Abstract Urban expansion as a result of continuous population growth as well as the creation of a large variety of industries and the

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