Inspired by the ongoing debate about the ion dynamics in the lithium superionic conductor Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 (LGPS), we present neutron powder diffraction data in combination with analyses of differential bond valence and nuclear density maps to elucidate the underlying diffusion pathways in Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 . LGPS exhibits quasi-isotropic three-dimensional lithium diffusion pathways, which is a combination of one-dimensional diffusion channels crossing two diffusion planes. Furthermore, ultrasonic speeds of sound measurements are used to understand the lattice dynamics and obtain the Debye temperature of LGPS. Temperature dependent X-ray diffraction is performed in order to understand the local temperature-dependent behavior of the prevalent structural backbone, as well as the thermal stability of the material. At elevated temperatures, the superionic conducting Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 phase partially decomposes into Li 4 P 2 S 6 , explaining the deterioration of the ionic conductivity upon heating.

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Purpose This paper aims to report an interview study investigating knowledge protection practices in a collaborative research and innovation project centred around the semi-conductor industry. The authors explore which and how knowledge protection practices are applied and zoom in on a particular one to investigate the perspective of three stakeholders which collaborate: the SUPPLIER of a specialised machine, the APPLIER of this machine and a SCHOLAR who collaborates with both, in an effort to develop a grey-box model of the machine and its operation. Design/methodology/approach A total of 33 interviews have been conducted in two rounds: 30 interviews explore knowledge protection practices applied across a large project. Qualitative content analysis is applied to determine practices not well covered by the research community. A total of three follow-up interviews inspect one specific collaboration case of three partners. Quotes from all interviews are used to illustrate the participants’ viewpoints and motivation. Findings SCHOLAR and APPLIER communicate using a data-centric knowledge protection practice, in that concrete parameter values are sensitive and hidden by communicating data within a wider parameter range. This practice balances the benefit that all three stakeholders have from communicating about specifics of machine design and operations. The grey-box model combines engineering knowledge of both SUPPLIER and APPLIER. Practical implications The line of thought described in this study is applicable to comparable collaboration constellations of a SUPPLIER of a machine, an APPLIER of a machine and a SCHOLAR who analyses and draws insights out of data. Originality/value The paper fills a research gap by reporting on applied knowledge protection practices and characterising a data-centric knowledge protection practice around a grey-box model.

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