Objective: To evaluate the frequency of tinnitus onset (in normal subjects) and modulation (in tinnitus patients) during muscle contractions, estimating possible risk factors. Material and Method: This case-control study enrolled 121 tinnitus patients and 100 healthy volunteers who underwent medical history, ENT examination and 16 maneuvers of muscular contraction (head, neck and limbs). Modulation data were compared between patients with and without normal audiometry, well-defined diagnosis and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. Results: The ability to modulate tinnitus (65.3%) was significantly higher than that to originate tinnitus (14.0%). The head and neck musculature was significantly more efficient than that of the limbs. Audiometric pattern, well-defined etiology and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders showed no relation to tinnitus modulation. Conclusions: Somatic modulation is a characteristic aspect of tinnitus.

FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo de corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Os autores avaliaram 55 pacientes que procuraram o Ambulatório de Otoneurologia Geriátrica do Hospital das Clínicas do HCFMUSP com queixa de desequilíbrio e/ou tontura entre agosto de 2001 e março de 2003, caracterizando o perfil dessa população de idosos quanto a idade, sexo, fatores etiológicos relacionados à alteração do equilíbrio, conduta terapêutica adotada e resultados parciais de tratamentos propostos. RESULTADOS: O paciente idoso com alteração do equilíbrio corporal apresentou mais de uma etiologia relacionada ao seu problema em 51% dos casos, sendo as patologias mais freqüentes: Insuficiência Vértebro-Basilar - IVB (40%), Alteração Metabólica relacionada a metabolismo de açúcar e colesterol (40%), Síndrome do Desequilíbrio de Idoso - SDI (30%), Vertigem Posicional Paroxística Benigna - VPPB (14,5%), Vestibulopatia Cervical (7,2%) e Alterações Hormonais (5,4%), entre outras. CONCLUSÃO: Estes achados corroboram dados prévios da literatura e chamam a atenção para a necessidade de uma abordagem multidisciplinar para a compreensão do desequilíbrio e seu adequado tratamento na população idosa.

Maneuvers of head and neck muscle contractions evoked tinnitus modulation in a frequent and reliable manner. Also, the repetition of such maneuvers for 2 months altered the pattern of modulation.

The nature and antecedents of faculty satisfaction in online higher education have not received much scholarly attention yet, despite the growing literature that indicates the relevance of faculty satisfaction for outcomes such as the success of e-learning programs, student learning, and student satisfaction. This exploratory study surveyed 171 faculty members from multiple institutions of higher education to learn about their experiences teaching online and to examine factors that might affect their satisfaction. Our study finds that higher education faculty who teach online are generally satisfied, and that satisfaction is more likely if there is appropriate training, and if teaching online allows for flexibility in their schedules. Although a weaker relationship, results also suggest that faculty are more satisfied teaching online when institutional support and organizational policies uphold online teaching efforts. Contrary to our expectations, however, our findings show that faculty who are more satisfied with support for technical elements of the online teaching environment, are less satisfied teaching online. Implications for research and practice are discerned through both the presence and absence of support for three sets of hypotheses, regarding faculty, institutional and technical factors.

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