Objective: To evaluate the inter-observer agreement of radiological diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Methods: Chest X-rays from 60 children younger than 5 years of age were evaluated by three physicians: a pediatric radiologist (PR), a pediatric pulmonologist (PP) and an experienced emergency pediatrician (EP). All children had sought an emergency room due to acute respiratory infections with apparent lower respiratory tract involvement. Observers were blinded to the original diagnostic conclusions, but clinical and laboratory data from the initial medical evaluation were provided with each film. Variables were grouped into five categories: a) film quality; b) site of abnormality; c) radiological patterns; d) other radiographic images; e) diagnosis. Inter-observer agreement was assessed using Kappa statistics, accepting prevalence-bias-adjusted values (PABAK). Results: Kappa values for each of the three observer pairs (RP vs. PP, RP vs. EP, and PP vs. PE) were 0.41, 0.43, and 0.39, respectively. The overall inter-observer agreement was moderate (0.41). Agreement on other variables was as follows: regular for "film quality" (0.30); moderate for "site of abnormality" (0.48); fair for "radiological patterns" (0.29); moderate for "other radiographic images" (0,43); and moderate for "diagnosis" (0.33). The overall intra-observer agreement was "moderate" (0.54), which is below the agreement values reported by other studies on chest Xray variability. Conclusions: Inter-observer variability is an intrinsic characteristic of the interpretation of chest X-rays, and the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children remains a challenge. Most of our results were similar to those previously reported.
OBJETIVO: caracterizar o perfil de pacientes com paralisia cerebral em uso de gastrostomia e verificar o efeito que tal procedimento ocasiona nos cuidadores. MÉTODO: foi realizado estudo transversal de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo. A pesquisa foi feita com pacientes do Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio - Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa que tivessem diagnóstico médico de Paralisia Cerebral (PC) em uso de gastrostomia. Foi aplicado um questionário aos cuidadores contendo questões quantitativas, qualitativas e dados sobre a caracterização da amostra. RESULTADOS: houve predominância de renda mensal de até dois salários mínimos, e uma configuração familiar caracterizada pelo pai trabalhar e a mãe não atuar no mercado de trabalho. Dentre os motivos para a indicação do procedimento, a dificuldade de deglutição esteve presente entre todos os sujeitos, seguido das pneumonias de repetição e baixo peso. Observa-se um grande número de pacientes que fizeram uso de sonda antes da gastrostomia, com tempo de permanência acima de um mês. Destacam-se os principais benefícios observados com a colocação da gastrostomia: ganho de peso, diminuição dos problemas respiratórios e redução de internações. A partir dos relatos dos cuidadores percebe-se a ocorrência de sentimentos como de medo do desconhecido, resistência e aceitação, dificuldades e benefícios. CONCLUSÃO: observa-se que problemas de alimentação são frequentemente encontrados como indicação para colocação de gastrostomia em crianças com PC. Os cuidadores sentem medo quanto à impossibilidade de alimentar a criança pela via oral. Porém, após a cirurgia, grande parte deles relatou benefícios, como por exemplo, ganho de peso e redução das internações.
The evaluation of this surveillance tool resulted in objective and comparable data, which were adequate for a screening test. It is easily applicable as a screening tool, even though it was originally designed as a surveillance tool. The inclusion of risk factors to the scoring system is an innovation that allows for the identification of children with suspected delay in addition to developmental milestones, although the definition of parameters and choice of indicators should be thoroughly studied.
The pediatric research groups in Brazil have relevant scientific production, including works published in international publications, and are concentrated in regions with higher socioeconomic index. Most groups registered in CNPq started their activity in the last five years (46%), reflecting the recent growth of scientific production in this area.
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