Intralabyrinthine schwannomas are uncommon tumors that mimic the clinical features of many other neurotologic conditions. A high index of suspicion and precise imaging are often required to detect these tumors. Surgical treatment is indicated for specific indications and will be needed in the minority of patients with this disorder. The classification system that we propose is helpful in both the diagnosis and the management of these tumors.

Migrations between different habitats are key events in the lives of many organisms. Such movements involve annually recurring travel over long distances usually triggered by seasonal changes in the environment. Often, the migration is associated with travel to or from reproduction areas to regions of growth. Young anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) emigrate from freshwater nursery areas during spring and early summer to feed and grow in the North Atlantic Ocean. The transition from the freshwater ('parr') stage to the migratory stage where they descend streams and enter salt water ('smolt') is characterized by morphological, physiological and behavioural changes where the timing of this parr-smolt transition is cued by photoperiod and water temperature. Environmental conditions in the freshwater habitat control the downstream migration and contribute to within- and among-river variation in migratory timing. Moreover, the timing of the freshwater emigration has likely evolved to meet environmental conditions in the ocean as these affect growth and survival of the post-smolts. Using generalized additive mixed-effects modelling, we analysed spatio-temporal variations in the dates of downstream smolt migration in 67 rivers throughout the North Atlantic during the last five decades and found that migrations were earlier in populations in the east than the west. After accounting for this spatial effect, the initiation of the downstream migration among rivers was positively associated with freshwater temperatures, up to about 10 °C and levelling off at higher values, and with sea-surface temperatures. Earlier migration occurred when river discharge levels were low but increasing. On average, the initiation of the smolt seaward migration has occurred 2.5 days earlier per decade throughout the basin of the North Atlantic. This shift in phenology matches changes in air, river, and ocean temperatures, suggesting that Atlantic salmon emigration is responding to the current global climate changes.

Background: Interleukin (IL) 10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. Disruption of the IL-I0 gene in C57/Black6 rnice results in enterocolitis in the presence of intestinal bacteria. This study investigated gut mucosal barrier function sequentially during the development of colitis in this modelo Methods: Animals were bred in specific pathogen-free conditions and transferred to convencional housing at 4weeks. Mice were evaluated at 6,8,10,12,14 and 15weeks ofage. Barrler function was assessed by measuring intestinal permeability and antibody response to systernic endotoxaernia (antibody to the core glycolipid region of lipopolysaccharide; EndoCAb). Colons were harvested and a histological injury score (IllS) was calculated. Results: The ms increased progressively until 12 weeks, with an associated increase in intestinal permeability, and irnmunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG EndoCAb. The ms correlated positively with both intestinal permeability and IgM and IgG EndoCAb. Intestinal permeability showed a positive correlation with EndoCAb. Conclusion: n.-IO knockout rnice develop coli*1h an associated disturbance in gut mucosal barrier function, as measured by increased ~ermeability and endotoxaernia. The colitis found in the IL-I0 knockout mouse

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ILS is a rare lesion that has a different management from the more common "acoustic" schwannoma. To date, only 137 cases have been reported. We present a classification scheme based on labyrinthine anatomy to describe and localize these lesions. Treatment and prognosis hinge on the appropriate localization of these tumors; thus, a concise terminology that can be used by both the otolaryngologist and radiology communities is desirable.