Understanding the internationalization process of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is imperative for emerging economies to compete globally. Empirical findings of SMEs from emerging countries are still lacking. Thus, this study intends to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive model for the process of SMEs internationalization in Malaysia. Five major internationalization perspectives namely process and stage models, network, born-global and international new ventures, resource-based view, and international entrepreneurship were integrated in formulating a framework for this study. In-depth interviews were carried out with thirty-two Malaysian experts including academics, policy makers, government agencies, chamber of commerce, and research institute. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed manually using thematic coding and frequency counts analysis. Six important factors with distinguished categories and items pertaining to SME internationalization process were identified: 1) triggering factors; 2) internal factors; 3) external factors; 4) networking; 5) barriers and challenges, and 6) operations for internationalization. The main contribution of this study is a generic model of SME internationalization that can provide apertures on researching into SME internationalization in emerging economies.
Artikel ini mengkaji pendekatan strategi pengantarabangsaan yang diambil oleh perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) agro. Objektif kajian ini ialah mengenalpasti strategi kemasukan dan pemilihan pasaran oleh syarikat PKS agro, dan mengetahui bagaimana ciri-ciri syarikat mempengaruhi kepantasan proses pengantarabangsaan. Kajian kes digunakan keatas lima syarikat PKS agro di Malaysia. Kajian mendapati syarikat PKS agro menggunakan pelbagai strategi mod kemasukan seperti eksport langsung, usahasama, dan rakan kongsi asing untuk menembusi pasaran antarabangsa. Kajian membuktikan ciri-ciri syarikat seperti jenis produk, jenis perniagaan, dan pemilikan merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi strategi mod kemasukan asing dan sasaran pasaran, yang kemudiannya menentukan corak pengantarabangsaan, samada tradisional ataupun born-global. Artikel ini mencadangkan satu tipologi corak pengantarabangsaan dan beberapa proposisi berkaitan dengan proses pengantarabangsaan. Kajian ini memberi panduan kepada pemilik/pengurus perniagaan industri agro untuk menembusi pasaran global. Manakala bagi penggubal dasar pula ianya boleh menjadi asas untuk membentuk garis panduan dalam membantu industri perniagaan agro bersaing di peringkat antarabangsa.
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) internationalization intelligence, referring to the process of gathering information and knowledge on international opportunities, is crucial to initiate SMEs’ internationalization. The literature has stressed organizational resources, networks and information sharing as means to acquire internationalization intelligence, suggesting that the resource-based, network and social capital perspectives can be adopted to explore this issue. However, previous literature still lacks evidence on how SMEs acquire relevant intelligence, and who or what are involved with the process. To address this lack of evidence, we interviewed 54 SME owners/key personnel in the manufacturing sector to: identify sources of internationalization intelligence; examine how those sources assist SMEs to internationalize; and develop propositions on internationalization intelligence. Analyzing the data using NVivo, four themes emerged including institutions, business associates, personal efforts, and other means. The analysis suggests internationalization intelligence occurs mainly through the networks of the SME owners/key personnel, built on their firm’s resources through their internal and external information sharing activities, indicating the need of the SMEs to position themselves in their environments. These findings are developed into propositions. The study indicates multiple perspectives in conceptualizing the process of internationalization intelligence. This study advances a conceptualization of internationalization intelligence, and offers avenues for future research.
ABSTRAK Kajian ini telah mengenal pasti dimensi dan sub-dimensi dalam proses pengantarabangsaan enterpris kecil dan sederhana (EKS). Sorotan literatur mendapati tiada suatu perspektif pun yang boleh menerangkan proses pengantarabangsaan secara menyeluruh kerana isu ini adalah kompleks dan baharu. Justeru, kajian ini mengintegrasikan lima teori dan perpektif iaitu Model Uppsala, teori Jaringan, teori Born-global, teori Keusahawanan Antarabangsa, dan perspektif Berasaskan Sumber bagi mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi proses pengantarabangsaan. Metodologi kajian menggunakan Teknik Delphi di mana temu bual dengan 32 orang pakar bidangan dijalankan bagi memperoleh pandangan yang konsensus mengenai proses pengantarabangsaan EKS di Malaysia. Kajian ini mendapati lima dimensi utama iaitu faktor penggerak, faktor dalaman dan luaran, faktor jaringan, mod kemasukan dan pasaran, dan halangan dan cabaran yang bertindak sebagai pemangkin bagi EKS menembusi pasaran antarabangsa. Penemuan kajian telah memperkasakan teori/model berkaitan dengan proses pengantarabangsaan, selain membantu dalam menggubal polisi negara, meningkatkan pengetahuan bagi pemilik/pengurus EKS, dan juga menjadi perintis untuk kajian-kajian dalam isu EKS.
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