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Evaluation of gap formation at the interfaces of a two-step self-etching adhesive with/without pre-etching was performed using sweptsource optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Round cavities were prepared in bovine incisors at the middle (MC) and cervical (CC) thirds of the crown and the cervical third of the root (CR). Clearfil SE bond was directly applied to one group (SE) and another (PA) was pretreated with K-etchant gel. Following restoration by flowable composite resin, the teeth were thermally challenged and stored for 2 months. Interfacial gaps observed in the cross-sectional OCT images were analyzed and the bottom cavities exhibited increased gaps compared to the margin and dentin-enamel junction (DEJ). The CR site had a larger gap than at MC and CC in the SE group. DEJ separation at the MC was significantly smaller than that at CC in both groups. Therefore, gap formation depends on the cavity region, location, and bonding protocol.

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Koalas are iconic mammals indigenous to Australia. These rare animals and their habitats are occasionally associated with pathogenic fungi, including species of Cryptococcus, and consequently, monitoring the mycobiota of areas inhabited by koalas is of considerable importance. In this report, we describe a novel basidiomycetous yeast isolated from a site in Kanazawa Zoo, Japan, associated with captive koalas. Swab samples were collected from koala breeding environments, from which we isolated a novel unencapsulated yeast characterized by ovoid to ellipsoidal cells (3.2-4.9 × 3.5-5 μm). These cells were observed to undergo polar budding and grow as parent bud pairs, with an optimal growth temperature of 28°C. Colonies grown on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar at 28°C have a characteristic coral pink color. On the basis of physiological, morphological, and molecular characters, the new species was placed in the genus Begerowomyces, and the name Begerowomyces aurantius JCM33898 T (LSEM1333 T = CBS16241 T ) is proposed.