Preventation of dental and oral health problems is very important. Brushing teeth is an effective method for solve this issue. The addition of herbal ingredients in toothpaste is expected to prevent oral health problems because it has the ability to inhibit the growth of microbes. Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) has good antibacterial activity. The aims of study to determine the effect of antibacterial activity toothpaste base by adding basil leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of microbes. Basil leaves extracted using 96% ethanol. Antibacterial activity of basil leaf extract were tested on Streptococcus mutans by using variations of concentration of 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/mL. Toothpaste base made by varying concentrations of calcium carbonate (abrasive) 37% (F1), 42% (F2) and 47% (F3). Toothpaste base that has been created is added with variations of concentration basil leaf extract are 25, 50 and 100 mg / mL in each formula. Antibacterial activity of formulas were tested on Streptococcus mutans. The results showed that best inhibition zone diameter of the extract at concentration of 15 mg/mL (6,247 mm), and the best inhibition zone diameter of toothpaste basis is F1 (11.386 mm). Beside it, the toothpaste preparation (F1) had the inhibition zone diameter is 4.103 mm.Key words: Ocimum basilicum L., toothpaste, antibacterial, Sterptococcus mutans ABSTRAK Pencegahan terjadinya masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut sangat diperlukan. Menyikat gigi merupakan metode yang efektif untuk menanggulangi masalah tersebut. Penambahan herbal pada pasta gigi diharapkan dapat mencegah terjadinya masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut karena memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhanmikroba. Daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivitas antibakteri basis pasta gigi dengan penambahan ekstrak daun kemangi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba. Daun kemangi diekstraksi dengan menggunakan etanol 96%. Ekstrak daun kemangi diuji antibakterinya terhadap bakteri Sterptococcus mutans dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi yaitu 25, 50, 100, 150, dan 200 mg/mL. Basis pasta gigi dibuat dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi kalsium karbonat (abrasif) 37% (F1), 42% (F2) dan 47% (F3). Basis pasta gigi yang telah dibuat ditambahkan dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstraiuk daun kemangi yaitu 25, 50 dan 100 mg/mL pada setiap formula. Semua formula diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap bakeri Streptococcus mutans. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan diameter zona bening paling baik pada ekstrak adalah pada konsentrasi 15 mg/mL (6,247 mm), pada basis pasta gigi

Indonesia, one of the first largest crude palm oil producer and exporter in the world, has a crucial problem with the reutilization of oil palm biomass. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. leaves (EGL) are the most abundant biomasses that are produced in the harvesting and producing process. However, the underutilization of this biomass still occurs in many industries and leads to environmental issues. This review aims to provide insight into the effort to discover and develop EGL as a potential biomass, especially for herbal medicine resources. We summarize several studies, focusing on the pharmacological activity of EGL and its bioactive chemical constituents. Results: We found 11 different pharmacological activities of the EGL extract, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, diuretic, sun protection, wound healing, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, and antityrosinase activities, with flavonoid and phenolic acid as the highlighted compounds. The EGL extract showed various pharmacological actions, and it could be developed as a herbal medicine to treat several diseases.

Gel formulation can either be obtained by formulating some types of gelling, but the most important thing to consider is the choice of gelling agent. HPMC (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl ABSTRAKSediaan gel yang baik dapat diperoleh dengan cara memformulasikan beberapa jenis bahan pembentuk gel, namun yang paling penting untuk diperhatikan adalah pemilihan gelling agent. HPMC (Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose), Karbopol 960 dan Viskolam MAC 10 merupakan gelling agent yang sering digunakan dalam produksi kosmetik dan obat, karena dapat menghasilkan gel yang bening, mudah larut dalam air, dan mempunyai ketoksikan yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gelling agent yang sesuai sebagai pembawa nanoemulgel ekstrak daun pidada merah yang memiliki kestabilan fisika yang sesuai dengan persyaratan yang telah ditetapkan. Formulasi nanoemulgel dibuat dengan variasi gelling agent yang digunakan selanjutnya dilakukan evaluasi sifat fisika yang meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, daya sebar, pH, dan viskositas. Evaluasi basis gel terpilih dilakukan selama 30 hari. Hasil yang diperoleh dari uji stabilitas menunjukan basis gel dengan viskolam MAC 10 memiliki standar yang baik untuk viskositas, pH, daya sebar, homogenitas dan organoleptis.

A study of pepper leaves (Piper nigrum L.) ethanol extract anti-hyperuricemia activity in mice has been done. The aim of this study was to know the effect of administration, to look for the best dose and to know the potency of pepper leaves ethanol extract in decreasing uric acid level of mice (Mus musculus L,). The method was in vivo anti-hyperuricemia activity using potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice. The mice were divided into 5 groups, i.e negative control, positive control, extract dose of 12.5 mg/kg BW, extract dose of 25 mg/kg BW and extract dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Each group consisted of 3 mice. The test substances were given orally at 0.75 hours after the induction of potassium oxonate then uric acid levels were measured at 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3 hours after induction. Uric acid levels of mice were measured using a test-strip uric acid. The results were analyzed visually by an average of the measured data and graphs. The results showed that the pepper leaves ethanol extract dose of 12.5 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW and 50 mg/kg BW capable to inhibit the increase of uric acid levels. The best dose was 25 mg/kg BW, but based on observation, it was not better than the positive control allopurinol.

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infections. Infection is a disease problem that often occurs in developing countries in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and behavior of the community in the use of antibiotics and the relationship between knowledge and behavior in the use of antibiotic drugs in the people of Tanjung Redeb District, Berau Regency. This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 119 respondents using a cross sectional method with purposive sampling of respondents. The results showed that the level of knowledge of the people of Berau Regency was quite good, namely 47.89% and the results of research based on community behavior were well-behaved with a percentage of 42.01%. The results of the Spearman correlation analysis show that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge on behavior with a correlation coefficient of 0.258, so the relationship between variables is low.