The aim of our study was to systematically review the literature on physical health and related consequences of internal and international parental migration on left-behind children (LBC). This review followed PRISMA guidelines. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases and included studies reporting physical health-related outcomes of children affected by parental migration. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. We selected 34 publications from a total of 6061 search results. The study found that LBC suffer from poor physical health as compared with non-LBC. Physical health-related risk factors such as underweight, lower weight, stunted growth, unhealthy food preferences, lower physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, injuries, and incomplete vaccination tend to be more prevalent among LBC in China. Studies focussing on international migration argue that having migrant parents might be preventive for undernutrition. Overall, our study showed that children affected by internal or international migration tend to have similar physical health outcomes. Moreover, we identified a lack of evidence on international parental migration that may have influenced the overall impacts. Further studies addressing international migration would contribute to better understand the impacts of migration for LBC.

Objective. To estimate the associations between educational load and health, and elements of day’s routine among Lithuanian schoolchildren, attending classes of first stage of basic education curriculum. Material and methods. During 14–28 November, 2005, the study was performed in 108 secondary schools, providing basic secondary education in Lithuanian language. A total of 3744 schoolchildren and 1601 parents filled in an original, specially designed questionnaire. Results. More than two-thirds of the schoolchildren (69.2%) estimated their health as very good or good, and 19.2% indicated that they were not ill during the last year. Schoolchildren who reported educational load to be too high estimated their health worse (P<0.001), were ill more frequently (P<0.001), and due health disorders had to limit their regular activities. Educational load had an impact on schoolchildren’s well-being and relationships with parents. Elements of day’s routine depended on gender, grade, and place of residence. Less than one-third (32.8%) of schoolchildren reported 9–10-hour night’s sleep, 33.8% – spending 3 hours outdoors on workdays. Passive activities dominate during schoolchildren’s leisure time. More than half of schoolchildren (60.3%) spend 2–3 hours watching television, 30.7% – 2 or more hours working with computer on workdays. Conclusions. Too high educational load have a negative impact on schoolchildren’s health and well-being, relationships with parents. Schoolchildren with an adequate educational load follow recommendations of the day’s routine more frequently.

COVID-19 pandemijos metu karantinas sutrikdė vaikų ir paauglių mokymosi procesą, pasikeitė dienos ir miego režimas, gyvensena. Padidėjo prie ekranų praleidžia­mas laikas, sumažėjo fizinis aktyvumas. Tyrimo tiks­las – įvertinti Lentvario gimnazistų požiūrį į nuotolinį mokymąsi bei nuotolinio mokymo sąsajas su mitybos ir fizinio aktyvumo pokyčiais. Atliktas momentinis kieky­binis tyrimas, kurio metu anoniminės anketinės apklau­sos būdu apklausti 216 trijų Lentvario miesto mokyklų I – IV gimnazijos klasių mokiniai, atsako dažnis – 100 procentų. Duomenų statistinė analizė atlikta Microsoft Excel ir OpenEpi programomis. Kintamieji aprašyti ab­soliučiais skaičiais bei procentais, apskaičiuoti 95 proc. pasikliautinieji intervalai (PI). Pasiskirstymo skirtumams nustatyti buvo panaudotas Pearson chi kvadrato testas. Skirtumas laikomas statistiškai reikšmingu, kai p≤0,05. Daugiau nei pusei mokinių (51,9 proc.) labai patiko (pa­tiko) mokytis nuotoliniu būdu, panaši dalis (53,7 proc.) mokinių teigė, kad labai norėtų arba norėtų ir vėl mokytis nuotoliniu būdu. Kas dešimtas mokinys (11,1 proc.) nurodė, kad mokytis namuose nuotoliniu būdu nepatiko arba labai nepatiko. Kas penktas (20,4 proc.) nenorėjo arba labai nenorėjo ir vėl mokytis nuotoliniu būdu. Daugiau nei pusė mokinių (50,9 proc.) nurodė, kad ka­rantino metu pasikeitė jų mitybos įpročiai. Iš jų daugiau nei 70 proc. teigė, kad karantino metu pradėjo valgyti pusryčius. Daugiau nei pusė mokinių (54,6 proc.) nurodė, kad ka­rantino metu pasikeitė jų fizinis aktyvumas. Iš jų daugiau nei pusė (56,8 proc.) pradėjo mankštintis, daugiau nei ketvirtadalis (27,1 proc.) nustojo mankštintis, kas penktas mokinys (22,9 proc.) pradėjo bėgioti.

Background Health Promotion Schools (HPS) are engaged in targeted pupil's health promotion activities in accordance with the approved programs. Health promotion topics are integrated not only into subject lessons but also into extracurricular activities. HPS is believed to provide ideal conditions for the prevention of harmful habits, but there is a lack of research into the effectiveness of these schools. This determined the aim of the research - to evaluate the influence of HPS learning on smoking, alcohol and drug use among Lithuanian adolescents. Methods During the prevalence research 3574 ninth and tenth grade pupils from 44 HPS were surveyed, as well as 66 schools outside the HPS network (response rate 74.7%). The contribution of individual characteristics (class, sex, place of residence, grade point average, mother's and father's education) and school characteristics (school affiliation, school type, school location) were analysed using logistic regression models with 95% of CI. Results 18.1% of pupils smoke regularly. Learning at HPS did not reduce the odds of smoking (OR = 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88; 1.31)), but pupils smoking was significantly associated with gender, class, school type, grade point average and school location. The majority of pupils (74.4%) have tasted alcoholic beverages. HPS pupils had significantly lower odds of tasting alcoholic beverages (OR = 0.77 (95% CI: 0.51;0.98)). Alcoholic tasting was also significantly linked to class and father's education. 9.3% of pupils tried to use drugs. Pupils from schools outside the HPS network had a 1.38 (95% CI: 1.05;1.80) odds of using drugs. Drug use was significantly associated with gender, class, place of residence, type of school, and grade point average. Conclusions HPS learning significantly reduces pupils alcohol tasting and drug use but is not significantly associated with lower smoking. Individual and school characteristics have a significant impact on pupils smoking, alcohol, and drug use. Key messages HPS pupils have a lower chance of tasting alcohol and drug abuse, so it is important to encourage schools to join the HPS network to reduce the incidence of harmful habits. It is important to consider individual and school characteristics that have a significant impact on pupils smoking, alcohol and drug use when designing prevention measures.

Background School is the most appropriate place for health promotion of pupils, which enables them to increase control over their health and improve it. Health promotion gives the best results when not only pupils but also their teachers are involved in the process, it is obvious that the success of health promotion depends on the teacher's attitude towards this process and his knowledge in this field. Aim of the study - to assess teachers' perceptions of the need for information on health promotion for themselves and their pupils. Methods 1247 teachers from 110 different schools in Lithuania were surveyed. Estimate of prevalence were calculated at 95% CI, logistic regression models were concluded, 95% CIs of adjusted odds ratio were calculated. Results 44.3% of teachers received sufficient amount of information on health promotion and 43.3% of them wanted more information on this subject. The odds of getting enough information on pupils health promotion were significantly related to teachers education, schools membership in Health Promoting Schools Network (HPSN) and location of school, the odds of wishing to get more information - with age and the subject teacher teaches. The most necessary information for teachers was information about healthy diet. They indicated that this information is most relevant to their pupils. In the opinion of the teachers, their pupils lack information on mental health. 71.6% of teachers were interested in information about health promotion. Interest in this subject was significantly related to gender, the subject teacher teaches and schools membership in HPSN. Conclusions Less than half of the respondents have received a sufficient amount of health promotion information and most of them are interested in this information, so it is important to provide teachers with health information that meets their needs. Providing teachers with health information it is important to take into consideration individual and school characteristics. Key messages Only less than half of teachers received sufficient amount of health promotion information. The majority of teachers were interested in information about health promotion.