Objective: Periodontal dressing is a protective material that is used on post-surgical periodontal to protect the surface of the wound and provides a comfort sense to patient. This study was conducted to determine the effect of periodontal dressings containing silver nanoparticles by evaluating inflammatory parameters using 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin; a radiopharmaceutical that can be used for diagnosing infection and inflammation. Methods: This research was carried out using purely experimental 24 male Sprague Dawley rats and divided into 4 groups. First group is a group without any treatment, second group was the positive control group (excision procedure and given CoePak(R)), third group was negative group (only excision procedure) and fourth group (excision procedure and given CoePak (R) with silver nanoparticles). On second and fourth days after the procedure, each group was observed of inflammation inside of the excision by injecting 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin through vein and after one hour the rat was sacrificed and dextra palate organ of each rat was counted by Single Channel Analyzer to determine the accumulation of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin. Results: In rats given CoePak (R) with silver nanoparticles showed a tendency or inclination data which is good in giving effect to promote healing compare to positive control group on day 4 with less accumulation of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin in dextra palate. Conclusion: Addition of silver nanoparticles in periodontal dressing gave a good effect for wound tissue healing.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

ABSTRAK BIODISTRIBUSI RADIOFARMAKA 99mTc-KETOKONAZOL PADA INFEKSI YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH CANDIDA ALBICANS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DAN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama dan penyebab kematian di seluruh dunia terutama di negara berkembang. Diagnosis infeksi dengan metode pencitraan di kedokteran nuklir memerlukan sensitivitas yang baik.99m Tc-ketokonazol adalah radiofarmaka antibiotik yang disintesis dengan menandai ketokonazol dengan radionuklida teknesium-99m. Radiofarmaka ini diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi infeksi di kedokteran nuklir, sehingga 99m Tc-ketokonazol harus selektif dapat terakumulasi di daerah infeksi. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji biodistribusi 99m Tc-ketokonazol pada mencit untuk mendeteksi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh beberapa mikroorganisme. Hasil uji biodistribusi 99m Tc-ketokonazol menunjukkan akumulasi 99m Tc-ketokonazol di paha yang diinfeksi pada 1 jam setelah injeksi dengan rasio target/non target (T/NT) sebesar 3,40 untuk Candida albicans; 1,93 untuk Staphylococcus aureus dan 2,81 untuk Escherichia coli. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa 99m Tc-ketokonazol adalah radiofarmaka yang menjanjikan untuk deteksi infeksi dengan cepat dan memiliki sensitivitas yang baik. Kata kunci:99m Tc-ketokonazol, infeksi, biodistribusi. ABSTRACT BIODISTRIBUTION OF 99m Tc-KETOCONAZOLE IN INFECTION INITIATED BY CANDIDA ALBICANS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI.Infectious diseases remain a major health problem and cause of death worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Nuclear medicine imaging, with better sensitivity, offers an attractive option for diagnosis of infections.99m Tc-ketoconazole was radiolabeled antibiotic which synthesized by labeling ketoconazole with radionuclide technetium-99m. This radiopharmaceutical is expected to be applied for detection of infection in nuclear medicine therefore 99m Tc-ketoconazole must be selectively concentrated in infection sites. Hence, evaluations of 99m Tc-ketoconazole to detect and locate infection caused by some microorganisms in mice have been conducted. The biodistribution study showed accumulation of 99m Tc-ketoconazole in infected thigh at 1 hour p.i with target/non target ratio (T/NT) 3.04 for Candida albicans, 1.93 for Staphylococcus aureus and 2.81 for Eschericiha coli. This study showed that 99m Tc-ketoconazole is a promising radiopharmaceutical to detect infection rapidly with high sensitivity.

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Kanamycin antibiotic was radiolabeled successfully with radioisotope technetium-99m for the potential use as radiopharmaceuticals for infection i maging. 99m Tc-kanamycin complexes was prepared 93 % radiochemical purities by direct labelling using 5 mg kanamycin and 30 µg SnCl2. The reaction occurred at alkaline condition (pH=9) and under room temperature for 30 min to achieve high radiochemical purity. Radiochemical purity and stability of 99m Tc-kanamycin was determined by ascending paper chromatography using Whatman 3 paper as the stationary phase, and acetone as the mobile phase to separate the radiochemical impurities in the form of 99m Tc-pertechnetate. While impurities in the form of 99m Tc-reduced were separated using the stationary phase ITLC-SG and 0.5 N NaOH as mobile phase. This study aimed to determine biological characteristic of 99m Tc-kanamycin radiopharmaceutical. In vitro cell studies showed that the change of kanamycin structure after labeling with technetium-99m did not give a specific influence to the potency of kanamycin as an antibiotic. In addition on uptake study, a significantly higher uptake of 99m Tc-kanamycin with S. aureus than E. coli. Biodistribution of 99m Tc-kanamycin complexes was studied on normal and infection mice at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min postinjections. The biodistribution of 99m Tc-kanamycin in infection mice showed that the complex accumulated in the infection sites. These results show that 99m Tc-Kanamycin radiopharmaceutical have a potential application for infection diagnosis.

Based on the Basic Health Research Data of Ministry of Health's of Indonesia in 2013, mortality rates from malignant and tumor malignancies in Indonesia are still high with prevalence of cancer is about 1.4%. Chemotherapy is still the primary choice in cancer modality that uses chemotherapeutic drugs to eradicate and inhibit the growth of cancer cells; however the cost this treatment is extremely high. Therefore, patient tends to seek alternative treatment such as consuming traditional herbal medicine for cancer treatment. Rutin is one of the attractive phytochemicals flavonoids because of its antioxidant activities. However, as traditional herbal medicine, its effectiveness is not yet been fully established due to the lack of scientific information. A radiotracer can be defined as a specific radiolabeled molecule that monitors the in vivo behaviour of a functional molecule, and can be used to provide biological information in a living system. Hence, to provide pharmacological information of rutin for cancer treatment, we synthesized radiolabeled flavonoid 99mTc-rutin as radiotracer. The aim of the present study is to develop 99mTc-rutin under varying conditions of rutin quantity, reducing agent concentration and incubation time. Labeling studies were performed by changing the selected parameters one by one and optimum labeling conditions were determined. After observing the conditions for maximum labeling efficiency, 99mTc-rutin was obtained with preparation of 700 μg of rutin with addition of 20 μg of SnCl2.2H2O as reductor and 1-3 mCi 99mTcO4- without any incubation. Radiochemical yield of 99mTc-rutin was determined with radio thin layer chromatography which was found 99.28 ± 0.14% and stable up to 4 hour. From the result of this study, the successfully labeled 99mTc-rutin can be used as a reference for following preclinical study. Furthermore radiolabeled 99mTc-rutin is expected as tools in research and development of rutin as cancer drugs from natural product to obtain detailed information its efficacy.Keywords: radiotracer, 99mTc-rutin, cancer, labeled compounds