Struvite, also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, is a white crystal with a chemical formula magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Because of its phosphate content, struvite can be utilized as a fertilizer. Tempeh industrial effluent contains a high concentration of PO4, making it a possible struvite fertilizer producing material. The formation of struvite fertilizer is carried out by the aeration process. This process is able to increase the pH and homogeneity of the solution. The solution of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) is prepared by reacting tempeh industrial wasterwater, Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2), and Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH). The MAP ratios used are 1:1:1 and 3:1:1. The temperature was set at 30 °C and pH 9, the airflow rate was carried out at a rate of 0.25 - 1.25 liters per minute. Struvite crystals were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The best struvite fertilizer content is magnesium by 40.3% and phosphorus by 43.9% at an air flow rate of 1.25 liters per minute and a ratio of 3:1:1. Further development can be done by applying struvite fertilizers to plants. Keywords: aeration, crystallization, tempeh industrial wastewater, struvite ABSTRAK Struvite adalah kristal putih yang secara kimiawi dikenal sebagai magnesium amonium fosfat heksahidrat (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Struvite dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi pupuk karena kandungan fosfat (PO4) di dalamnya. Limbah cair industri tempe memiliki kandungan PO4 yang cukup tinggi, menjadikan limbah cair industri tempe adalah bahan pembentuk pupuk struvite yang potensial. Pembentukan pupuk struvite dilakukan dengan proses aerasi. Proses ini mampu meningkatkan pH dan homogenitas dari larutan. Larutan MAP (Magnesium Amonium Fosfat) dibuat dengan cara mereaksikan limbah cair industri tempe, Magnesium Klorida (MgCl2), dan Amonium Hidroksida (NH4OH). Rasio MAP yang digunakan adalah 1:1:1 dan 3:1:1. Temperatur ditetapkan sebesar 30°C dan pH 9, laju alir udara dilakukan dengan laju 0,25 - 1,25 liter per menit. Kristal struvite dianalisis menggunakan Floresensi sinar-X (XRF) dan Mikroskop Pemindai Elektron (SEM). Kandungan pupuk struvite terbaik adalah magnesium sebesar 40,3% dan fosfor sebesar 43,9% pada konsentrasi 3:1:1 dan laju alir udara 1,25 liter per menit. Pengembangan lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan pupuk struvite ke tanaman. Kata Kunci: aerasi, kristalisasi, limbah cair industri tempe, struvite
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Kandungan amonium dalam limbah urine sapi dapat merusak ekosistem perairan karena toksisitasnya. Kandungan amonium dapat dikurangi dengan menghilangkannya melalui kristalisasi struvite. Pada penelitian ini, struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) terbentuk dari reaksi senyawa magnesium, amonium, dan fosfat yang dijalankan menggunakan reaktor kolom bersekat. Laju udara menggerakkan larutan di dalam reaktor menyebabkan amonium bereaksi dengan reaktan membentuk struvite. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kondisi penurunan amonium terbaik pada limbah urine sapi. Penelitian berjalan dengan perbandingan molar larutan M: A: P (magnesium amonium fosfat) 3: 1: 1 dan laju aliran udara 0,4 L / menit dengan variasi laju aliran MAP 8,8; 11; 14,67; 22; 44 ml / menit dan variasi suhu 25, 35, 45, 55, 65˚C untuk menurunkan kandungan amonium. Semakin cepat laju aliran MAP, semakin rendah efisiensi penurunan amonium. Efisiensi penurunan amonium akan meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu. Hasil terbaik yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah penurunan amonium pada limbah sebesar 77,97%. Hasil difraksi serbuk sinar-X (XRD) dan scanning electron microscope (SEM) adalah kristal yang diuji berupa struvite berbentuk batang atau memanjang. Analisis EDAX memberikan hasil persentase komponen pada struvite yaitu 14,28% Mg, 10,68% N, dan 18,19% P.The presence of ammonium content in cow urine waste damages the aquatic ecosystem due to its toxicity. Ammonium content can be reduced by removing it through struvite crystallization. In this study, struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) was formed from the reaction of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate compounds using a bulkhead reactor. The rate of air moving the solution in the reactor causes ammonium to react with reactants to form struvite. This research was conducted with M : A : P (magnesium ammonium phosphate) molar ratio solution is 3 : 1 : 1 and 0,4 L/min air flow rate with MAP flow rate variation of 8,8; 11; 14,67; 22; 44 ml/min and a temperature variation of 25, 35, 45, 55, 65˚C to decrease ammonium content. The faster the MAP flow rate, the lower the ammonium removal efficiency. The efficiency of ammonium removal will increase with increasing temperature. The best results obtained in this study were ammonium removal in the waste of 77.97%. The result of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) is the crystals tested was a struvite with elongated or rod shape. EDAX analysis gave the percentage of components in struvite, namely 14.28% Mg, 10.68% N, and 18.19% P.
Excess phosphate (PO43-) and ammonium (NH4+) in wastewater can cause environmental damages, such as pollutants and eutrophication in water. Dairy cow urine is a dangerous liquid waste that contains high amounts of phosphate and ammonium. The removal of PO4 and NH4 components can be done by crystallizing them into struvite fertilizers. Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) is a mineral formed from magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate with the equimolar ratio. The crystallization process of struvite is carried out using a vertical reactor. MAP solution (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is prepared by reacting MgCl2, H3PO4, and dairy cow urine with MAP molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 and KOH 1N. The study run in pH 8; 8.5; 9; 9.5; 10 and temperature variations of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45˚C in vertical reactor continuously. The struvite precipitate was filtered and dried, it is analyzed by XRF to determine the struvite composition and SEM to determine the morphology of the struvite. The results showed that the best percentage of phosphate and ammonium was at 45˚C and pH 9.5, it was 33.2% and 27.9%.
Jamur tiram termasuk bahan pangan yang mudah rusak, seperti jenis sayuran lainnya. Beberapa hari setelah panen, mutu jamur tiram turun dengan cepat sampai tidak layak dikonsumsi. Perubahan mutu jamur tiram antara lain layu, warna menjadi coklat, lunak dan cita rasanya berubah. Di Indonesia pengawetan jamur secara komersial belum banyak dilakukan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, diperlukan pengolahan lebih lanjut sehingga umur simpan jamur tiram dapat diperpanjang. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan mengolah jamur tiram menjadi abon. Abon merupakan makanan tradisional yang biasanya digunakan untuk lauk karena rasanya yang gurih. Pembuatan abon jamur tiram ini menggunakan jamur tiram yang masih bagus dan berwarna putih. agar serat abon yang diperoleh mempunyai serat seperti abon dari daging sapi. Usaha pengolahan jamur tiram menjadi abon diharapkan akan meningkatkan nilai ekonomis juga mempunyai prospek yang besar dikarenakan jamur tiram sangat mudah didapatkan maupun dibudidayakan. Dengan adanya inovasi dari pengolahan jamur tiram menjadi abon dapat mengatasi permasalahan dalam memperpanjang penyimpanan umur jamur tiram dengan menggunakan metode yang murah dan sederhana.
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