Aim:This study evaluated the impacts of anthropogenic activities upstream of conservation areas on the Paraibuna river and its implications for freshwater biodiversity. Methods: The study was carried out in two units, Cunha and Santa Virginia, of the Serra do Mar State Park (SP), located in the Atlantic Rain Forest. Five sampling sites were defined, four along the Paraibuna river and one in the Ipiranga river, the latter fully inserted into the protected area. Physical, chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological data were obtained from surface water as well as aquatic macroinvertebrates. Results: The results showed that the waters of the Paraibuna river have low anthropogenic interference. However, conductivity, turbidity, coliforms, iron, total phosphorus and nitrate showed a gradient improving its water quality from upstream to downstream, indicating the existence of erosion and introduction of organic debris in the basin. The BMWP index, varying from 58 to 190, also showed the good condition of the river to aquatic biota, with predominant Excellent quality diagnosis. The values of this index and the richness index (S) outlined a similar gradient but with the lowest values recorded in P3. Conclusions:The results showed that the upstream activities alter the natural condition of the Paraibuna river and its biota and that the protected areas provides environmental services reducing these impacts. The ideal situation in order to ensure the conservation of the freshwater biota of the Paraibuna river would be the incorporation of parts of the upstream area into the protected area and convert occupied areas into Sustainable Use Area, that guarantee the adoption of sustainable techniques to the existing land uses and the application of aquatic life protection indicators for monitoring the water quality of the river.
RESUMO:Este trabalho é um estudo de caso sobre o serviço ambiental hídrico prestado pelo Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) ao promover a regularização dos mananciais e garantir o suprimento de água para adensadas regiões urbanas do Estado ABSTRACT: This paper is a case study on water environmental service provided by the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM) to promote the regularization of water sources and ensure the supply of water to densely populated urban areas of the São Paulo State. Was performed by analyzing population data and granting of water in the study region, with the aim of evaluating the anthropogenic pressure, quantify the volume of water granted, as well as to identify major categories of users. Underscores the importance of establishing a policy of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) that will increase the budget allocation of the protected area and consequently the protective actions to the natural environment. Demographic data show that around the PESM has large population and high rates of annual growth, a fact that sets up a lot of pressure on the protected area, especially on its water resources. It was found that the total volume of water granted is 752,305,722 m3/year being that the public supply is the category with the largest volume (64.40 %), followed by industrial use (29.58 %). The analysis of the total awarded volumes also shows that 99.09% of the surface water is captured and only 0.91 % of groundwater-abstracted form.
The Serra do Mar State Park forms a green corridor that connects significant remnants of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, a region that presents great biodiversity. However, the mounting pressure exerted on it by disorderly urban expansion around conservation unit areas is a cause for concern. Thereby, this paper aims to analyze a geographical and demographic characterization of Serra do Mar State Park and its buffer zone in order to identify regions under the greatest pressure and provide subsidies for developing public policies. The study is based on a cartographic representation using a geographic information system associated with the 2010 Census demographic data, which has been conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE in Portuguese acronym). The study area covers the territory of 32 municipalities and it was found that almost 25,000 inhabitants live inside the park while approximately 712,000 residents live inside its buffer zone.
Frutos maduros de Prunus myrtifolia, pertencente à família Rosaceae, são procurados como alimento por algumas espécies de aves silvestres, no Núcleo Cunha do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar – município de Cunha, Estado de São Paulo. Com o objetivo de avaliar alguns componentes químicos e valor calórico, amostras coletadas em agosto de 2005 foram analisadas quimicamente nos laboratórios dos Institutos Florestal e Adolfo Lutz e Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo. Os resultados mostraram a presença de glicosídeo cianogenético tanto na casca como nas sementes, além de umidade (38,52%), lipídios (0,62%), proteínas (5,38%) e açúcares totais (46,27%). Como elementos inorgânicos (16), predominaram, tanto na casca como nas sementes, os elementos K (0,54 e 0,45%) e Ca (0,51 e 0,14%), respectivamente, e em relação aos micronutrientes, destacaram-se o Mg (1676,80 e 843,50 ppm), P (708,50 e 892,10 ppm) e S (351,50 e 321,50 ppm), respectivamente.
Espécie nativa brasileira de grande valor econômico a Araucaria angustifolia teve sua área de ocorrência natural drasticamente reduzida no século XX chegando na atualidade a apenas 5% da formação original, sendo considerada uma espécie ameaçada de extinção em listagens nacionais e internacionais. Além da importância econômica devido à utilização da madeira para diversas fnalidades, suas sementes, denominadas pinhões, possuem valor comercial sendo que sua coleta constitui um meio de subsistência para muitas comunidades rurais, além de apresentar importância ecossistêmica ao se constituírem em uma fonte de alimento para a fauna nativa. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar estratégias para a preservação da Araucária nas serras do Mar e Bocaina do Estado de São Paulo tendo elencado como região de estudo o município de Cunha. Através de técnicas de geoprocessamento foi feita a identifcação da área do município de Cunha com características apropriadas para ser reforestada com Araucária, bem como elaboradas diretrizes para planos de manejo voltados à implantação de reforestamentos tanto homogêneos quanto em consórcio com pastagem ou com outras espécies forestais. Analisou-se também questões relativas à coleta de pinhão em áreas de vegetação natural, como alternativa de renda para comunidades rurais. Constatou-se que devido ao relevo acidentado e solos de baixa fertilidade o município de Cunha apresenta grande aptidão forestal sendo que 40,60% da área do município (57.133,16 ha) apresentam características apropriadas para serem reforestadas com Araucária evidenciando grande potencial de geração de trabalho e renda através da expansão dos plantios, aliando assim aspectos conservacionistas com socioeconômicos.
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