Summary:The effects of different doses of cadmium (CD) on some biochemical, hormonal and histopathological parameters of the liver, kidney and testes of the Wister rate were investigated. Cadmium (CD) in the dose range 0-40mg/kg while causing a time-and dose-dependent decrease of the basal serum levels of alkaline phosphatese (ALP) also caused a dose-dependent increase in the serum concentration of the acid and prostatic acid phosphatases. The value of the ALP changed from 148.7±1.0 IU/L in the control to 53.7±0.098 at 40mg/kg of cadmium. While the ACP and ACPT changed from 32.6±0.72 and 7 ±Units in the control to 54 and 17 units respectively at 40mg/kg of CD. Furthermore Cadmium also caused positively correlated dose-and time-dependent destruction of the histology of the liver, kidney and testes. These were characterized by vascular congestion, vacuolation, destruction of the seminal epithelial layers, focal necrosis of nucleus, Oedema of the seminal epithelia layers, focal necrosis of nucleus, oedema of the seminiferous tubules and reduction of spermatogenesis. CD also caused granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm, enlargement of sinusoids with kupffer cells, haemorrhage and apoptosis of cells. Finally pre-treatment with vitamin C (0.0015/kg), vitamin E (1.51/gm) and selenium (0.25mg) which on their own had little or no effects on the serum basal phosphatases, hormonal and histological stability caused a reversal of the cadmium-induced biochemical, hormonal and histological toxicities of the liver, kidney and testes. These results may be explained by the oxidational/antioxidational properties of these xeonobiotics and their mechanisms of actions.

Summary:The effects of different doses of Ammonium metavanadate on the biochemical, haematological, hormonal and histopathological parameters of stilbesterol treated female Wistar rats were investigated. Ammonium metavanadate in the dose-range 0-6mg/kg caused a bi-phasic and time-dependent response on the acid (total and prostate) phosphatase.. Furthermore ammonium metavanadate caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the serum alkaline phosphatases. The maximal inhibitory response at 5mg/kg of ammonium metavanadate was 40.0 ± 1.69 compared to 65.0 ± 0.94 control values. Ammonium metavanadate also caused a positively correlated biphasic response in the serum female hormonal concentrations with an initial increase, followed by a time-dependent decrease in the serum values of luteinizing (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin . Furthermore ammonium metavanadate also caused time-and dose-dependent effects on the haematological parameters. The effects were biphasic-increase within 72 hours and a reduction in the values of haemoglobin and packed cell volume within 7-28 days. The white blood count and lymphocyte counts were also reduced significantly at P ≤ 0.05. However the neutrophil counts were increased dose-and time-dependently. Finally, ammonium metavanadate caused a dose-dependent destruction of the liver and female reproductive organs namely the uterus, ovary and fallopian tubes. These were characterized by necrosis, oedema, eosinophilic deposits and vacuolation. These results may be explained by the oxidative effects caused by the free oxygen (O 2 ) radical generated by the metavanadate ions.

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