Katika makala haya, watafiti anaeleza jinsi usimulizi wa hadithi umeathiriwa na usasa katika jamii ya Wamasaaba nchini Uganda. Anafanya hivyo kwa kulinganisha hali ilivyo sasa na jinsi ilivyokuwa kabla Wazungu hawajazuru barani Afrika. Mtafiti analinganisha miktadha ya utendaji wa hadithi na anatoa maelezo kuhusu mitindo mbalimbali ya utendaji. Anaeleza jinsi Waafrika walivyosimulia watoto wao hadithi kabla ya Wazungu kuja barani humu. Kwenye kazi hii, madhumuni ya utafiti ni: kudhihirisha athari za usasa kwenye masimulizi ya kinathari. Pili, kueleza stadi zilizokuwa zikitumiwa na Waafrika katika usimulizi wa hadithi. Mkabala wa utafiti ulikuwa wa nyanjani. Kwa kutumia mkabala huu, mtafiti alizuru nyanjani halafu akaanza kuendeleza mahojiano na wahojiwa wake. Kabla hajafanya hivyo, mtafiti alijitambulisha kwa wahojiwa wake na kuwaambia sababu za utafiti wake. Alifanya hivyo ili kuwaondolea wasiwasi. Majibu ya wahojiwa yalijumlisha data ambazo zilihitajika na mtafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti yanaonyesha kuwa usimulizi wa hadithi umefifia sana katika jamii ya Wamasaaba kutokana na usasa. Sababu ambazo zimepelekea usimulizi wa hadithi kufifia jamii hii pia zimeelezwa. Miongoni mwa sababu hizo ni: ulevi ambao hufanya watu kurejea nyumbani wakiwa wamelewa na kushindwa kusimulia watoto wao hadithi. Sababu nyingine ni wazazi kuthamini elimu ya kisasa na kuacha utamaduni wao wa kulea watoto ili baadaye wawe wake na waume wazuri. Wazazi kuhamasisha watoto wao wasome vitabu badala ya kuwasimulia hadithi. Nne, wazazi kuwa na lengo la kuelimisha watoto wao ili baadaye wapate kazi za afisi. Tano, jambo la kuwepo na utandawazi ambalo limepelekea watu kujumuika na kuiga tamaduni za kigeni. Upeo wa utafiti huu ulihusika na mabadiliko kwenye usimulizi wa hadithi na sababu ambazo zimepelekea utamaduni wa kusimulia hadithi kufifia katika jamii ya Wamasaaba nchini Uganda. Mtafiti alitumia mbinu ya bahati nasibu kuteua sampuli za wahojiwa.
Redefining African Literature: The Language Dilemma 1. Introduction Over the decades the question of language choice in Africa literature has caused significant debates in the literary circles within and outside the African continent. This discourse started in 1963 through the publication of an article entitled "The Dead End of African Literature" by Obiajunwa Wali after the first African conference of African Writers of English Expression heldin Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda in 1962. In his article he postulates that unless African writers write in African languages then they will be pursuing a dead end. That their acceptance and continued use of English and French as the medium of African writing has no chance of advancing the African agenda. He foresaw that if no literature is produced in African languages then they face extinction. He says: The purpose of this article is not to discredit these writers, who have achieved much within an extremely difficult and illogical situation. It is to point out that the uncritical acceptance of English and French as the inevitable medium for educated African writing is misdirected, and has no chance of advancing African literature and culture. In other words, until these writers and their Western midwives accept the fact that any true African literature must be written in African languages, they are merely pursuing a dead end, which can only lead to sterility, uncreativity, and frustration. He asserts the African agenda and indeed the whole process of writing about Africa and African concerns and experiences can only be achieved through the use of African languages. This assertion led to contentions debates and discourses on the choice of language for what to be termed as African literature. Some of the questions raised being what is African Literature? Does the medium of writing tag literature as either European or African? Can a writer use a foreign language to express the African agenda? Most importantly was the issue of extinction of African languages since most of the literary outputs were being written in European languages. This paper attempts to examine various scholars and their views on the issue of language choice for the African writer and later derive a conclusion on what is the future of African literature written in foreign languages against a backdrop of growth of African Literature and the contentious issue of death of African languages.
Suala la mabadiliko ya hali ya anga ni janga linaloendelea kukumba ulimwengu kwa jumla. Kutokuwepo kwa usawazishaji wa ekolojia ni jambo ambalo linawatia shaka adinasi wengi. Fasihi ni kioo cha jamii na inapaswa kuwasilisha hali halisi ya maisha ya binadamu. Utafiti huu unachambua nafasi ya fasihi katika kuwasilisha masuala ya mazingira kupitia riwaya mbili teule za Wamitila, Tikitimaji (2013) na Msimu Wa Vipepeo (2006). Mwandishi huyu ameonyesha ari katika uwanja wa fasihi mazingira, kwenye makala yake ya “Place and placelessness in Kiswahili literature: The role of setting in Kiswahili creative writing” anasema kuwa mandhari huchukua nafasi katika kuwasilisha masuala ya mazingira. Kazi hii ilichunguza namna mwandishi alivyotumia fasihi kuwasilisha masuala ya mazingira katika riwaya zake za hivi karibuni. Ingawa kwa miaka mingi, masuala ya mazingira yamehusishwa na sayansi haswa katika kutoa takwimu kamilifu kuhusiana na masuala ya mazingira, fasihi inaendelea kuchukua dhima mpya katika jamii inayozidi kukua kiteknolojia. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na madhumuni yafuatayo: kubainisha jinsi mwandishi wa riwaya ya Tikitimaji alivyotumia wahusika ili kuwasilisha maudhui ya mazingira. kueleza mitindo ya lugha iliyotumiwa kuwasilisha masuala ya mazingira na tatu, kutathimini iwapo mwandishi amefaulu kuwasilisha maudhui ya mazingira riwayani. Utafiti huu ulitumia kiunzi cha nadharia kutoka kwa nadharia ya fasihi mazingira na nadharia ya uhalisia. Mihimili zitakazotumiwa kutoka nadharia ya uhalisia ni: kazi ya fasihi imejitosheleza, kazi ya msanii inapaswa kuwasilisha ukweli, mtunzi anaangalia matatizo na kuchunguza chanzo chake na mwisho wahusika ni vielelezo yakini vya binadamu wa kawaida kwa vile wao hutumia lugha ya kawaida wanayoitumia humwezesha mwanadamu kujifafanulia uwezo wake wa kutenda mambo. Mihimili ya fasihi mazingira iliyotumika ni: kuangalia dhana za ekolojia katika kazi za fasihi, mitindo na uwezo wa lugha na jinsi mitindo hiyo huathiri namna binadamu anavyotagusana na mazingira na mwisho binadamu hawezi ishi bila ekolojia lakini ekolojia huweza kuishi bila binadamu. Data ilipangwa kwenye makundi na kuchanganuliwa kwa kuzingatia madhumuni ya utafiti na mihimili ya kiunzi cha nadharia. Data iliwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo. Utafiti huu umelenga kuhamasisha wasomi na waandishi wa fasihi wajikite zaidi kulenga masuala ya mazingira ambayo ndicho kitovu cha maisha ya binadamu. Utafiti ulibaini kuwa fasihi ni nyenzo mwafaka ya kuwasilisha masuala ya mazingira kupitia vipengele vyake. Kwani huingiliana sana na utamaduni wa jamii.
Sanaa za kihalisia-ajabu husheheni usimulizi wa matukio yasiyotafsirika wala kufikirika kuwa na uyakinifu katika maisha ya mwanadamu. Fasihi za aina hii hutilia nguvu umazingaombwe na kukiuka uhalisia. Riwaya ya Babu Alipofufuka ya Mohamed ni mfano mojawapo wa fasihi yenye uhalisia-mazingaombwe. Utafiti huu unapambanua mkabala huo kwa kusimikwa kwenye mada Mustakabali wa Uongozi katika bara la Afrika katika karne ya 21: Tathmini ya Uhalisia-ajabu katika Riwaya ya Babu Alipofufuka na Said Ahmed Mohamed. Malengo ya utafiti huu ni; Kupambanua uhalisia-ajabu na uozo wa uongozi na hatimaye kutambua suluhu kwa matatizo ya uongozi barani Afrika kwa mujibu wa riwaya ya Babu Alipofufuka. Uchunguzi katika kazi hii uliongozwa na nadharia ya uhalisia-ajabu kwa kujifunga kwa mihimili yake mitano: kinaya, uandishi ndani ya uandishi, umazingaombwe katika mukhtadha halisi, vurugu la kiwakati na muingilano wa matini. Utafiti wenyewe uliendeshwa kwa mtindo wa kimakusudi ambapo matini maalum zilichanganuliwa maktabani na vile vile mtandaoni. Mbinu ya uchanganuzi ilihusu yaliyomo katika riwaya ya Babu Alipofufuka. Mhakiki pia alilenga kuchanganua kazi nyingine za fasihi kwa misingi ya malengo ya utafiti huu. Matokeo ya uchunguzi huu yana umuhimu mkubwa kwani yatasaidia kuchunguza suala la uongozi katika kutatua matatizo ya ndani kwa ndani kwa mustakabali wa itikadi za Kiafrika. Uchunguzi huu unashikilia kuwa utandawazi ni nduli ambalo limechangia kuwepo kwa matatizo humu barani na kuzidi kuifanya Afrika kunyongeka katika minyororo ya utumwa mpya. Taswira hii ni dhahiri katika riwaya mpya za Kiswahili. Matokeo yake bila shaka yatapevua ufahamu kuwa Afrika ina itikadi za kijadi ambazo zilizingatiwa katika kutafuta suluhu kwa matatizo ya ndani kwa ndani hasa za kisiasa. Wanafunzi wa shule za upili na vyuo vikuu pia watanufaika na matokeo ya uchunguzi huu kwa kupata mwelekeo wa uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi mintarafu zenye uhalisia-ajabu.
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