How are institutions that regulate property rights related to the massive coercive dispossession of land that took place during the Colombian conflict? How did the workings of these institutions change during the conflict? We answer these questions through an analysis of a unique data set of rulings on land restitution issued between 2012 and 2015. The paper argues that the exclusionary nature of the institutions that regulate the access and assignment of property rights preceded the onset and escalation of the Colombian conflict, but shows how and why once the conflict began, the set of techniques used to promote coercive dispossession through those institutions could be significantly broadened and escalated. By doing so, it intends to advance the knowledge of how institutions are transformed, in this case in a deeply anti‐egalitarian and violent sense, during war.
Las instituciones jurídicas en Colombia –públicas y privadas– han sido determinantes para que se haya producido el despojo legal de la tierra, tanto en momentos de paz como en contextos de conflicto armado. Las reglas de asignación de derechos de propiedad en Colombia son altamente excluyentes, y algunas de sus características incentivan las desigualdades en el acceso a la tierra y fomentan el despojo. Sin embargo, dichas características no se han estudiado debidamente, por lo que este artículo es un avance en la revisión de las particularidades normativas que dificultan el acceso a la propiedad. El documento se centra en los diseños institucionales del procedimiento legal; es decir, en los requisitos y costos que contienen las normas procesales y que debe cumplir y tramitar el interesado en hacerse dueño de un predio. Dado que el objetivo final es identificar algunas barreras jurídicas que solo pueden superar los sujetos que cuentan con el tiempo, el dinero y la información para poner en marcha el aparato estatal y tramitar con éxito la asignación del derecho de propiedad, se considera que estudiar el diseño jurídico de adjudicación de predios rurales permite entender algunas dinámicas de despojo y concentración de la tierra. La tesis de esta investigación se desarrolla a través del análisis de las normas que regulan la adjudicación de baldíos en Colombia y de su aplicación a un estudio de caso.
La regulación agraria en Colombia o el eterno déjà vu hacia la concentración y el despojo: un análisis de las normas jurídicas colombianas sobre el agro (1991-2010)
Land restitution programmes, as part of transitional justice systems, make victims face obstacles to prove their material and legal relationship with their dispossessed land. The literature suggests that these obstacles can be overcome by changing the rules of evidence, such as reversing the burden of proof, introducing different legal presumptions and adopting alternative forms of evidence. In Colombia, the Land Restitution Law introduced changes to the rules of evidence for processing land restitution claims. In this article, we claim that this flexibilization of the rules of evidence is essential to guarantee the restitution of property rights to victims, based on a comparison of the evidentiary rules that must be fulfilled by the victims of land dispossession under two transitional justice systems, both of which have been implemented in Colombia in recent years.
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