The agricultural machinery industry: the emergence of an oligopoly, internationalization and market power The aim of this study is to conduct an analysis about the evolution of market structures of agricultural machinery worldwide industry, highlighting the countries and the context of its origin, as well as the characteristics of its international expansion. Merger and acquisition strategies, adopted as predominant form of entry into new markets, are emphasized, as well as its role on the increase of market power in the Brazilian industry of agricultural tractors. The work was divided into three chapters. The first chapter provides the theoretical basis on oligopoly market structures and its forms of competition, in addition to a historical survey of the industry in order to relate them, highlighting its main features and landmarks of its evolution. The second chapter provides an overview of the industry and world agricultural machinery market in the last decade, defining the major players, their characteristics and advantages that afforded the development of this industry, in addition to a characterization of predominant international trade patterns. Finally, the last chapter has its focus on the Brazilian case and analyzes the impacts of market concentration on the industry's performance in terms of market power, performing, for this, the estimation of the parameters of a demand function for agricultural tractors (price elasticity of demand) and an indicator of market power (Lerner index). The results allow demonstrating that this industry became concentrated with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, forming a large oligopoly, first at national level and, subsequently, international. The concentration and internationalization came mainly through mergers and acquisitions, having impacts on the levels and forms of competition prevalent. Emerging countries has increased their importance as producers and plaintiffs of tractors and combines, though the United States and Europe are the main markets for this industry. In the Brazilian market, although there have been no significant changes in the price elasticity of demand, the merger of two large multinationals has raised significantly the market power by increasing market concentration.
Agradeço a minha mãe, Maria Nilvete, por todo o seu carinho e apoio e por ser uma pessoa tão alegre e cativante. Agradeço ao meu pai, Francisco, que mesmo não estando mais conosco se faz sempre presente. Eles são minha fonte de inspiração. Agradeço as minhas irmãs, Tatiane e Viviane, por darem a minha família o seu devido caráter de amor e união e por serem capazes de fazer o impossível pelos meus pais, por mim e pelos nossos "filhotes" de estimação. Agradeço também a todos meus familiares, em especial minha avó Aliete (Coisa) e meu avô Alvino (Jeremias), por serem tão carinhosos e expressarem uma juventude de espírito que contagia e une toda a família. Agradeço a minha noiva Natália Nogueira, por estar ao meu lado desde o início, por sua compreensão, apoio, companheirismo, felicidade e por contribuir de forma essencial para a realização deste sonho. Agradeço a minha segunda família, Nicole, Alice, Leandro, Bruna, Franciele, Thuanne e Gustavo, por juntos termos construído a melhor república de Piracicaba.
ResumoInvestir em segurança para salvar vidas é uma ação perfeitamente alinhada às premissas estipuladas pela Resolução nº 2/2009 da Organização das Nações Unidas. Com base nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade econômica de uma área de escape em uma rodovia brasileira. O trabalho utilizou dados reais de acidentes e custos estimados para implantação/manutenção desta área de escape. A avaliação foi realizada através de indicadores tradicionais de análise de viabilidade econômica, considerando um fluxo de caixa de 16 anos. O projeto se mostrou amplamente satisfatório, visto que o Payback seria atingido relativamente rápido e o Valor Presente Líquido e Taxa Interna de Retorno foram positivos e elevados. Além disso, o índice B/C foi muito superior a 1, demonstrando que o projeto proposto detém alta viabilidade econômica. No entanto, pesquisas futuras devem-se considerar possíveis soluções técnicas de engenharia alternativas e, sempre que possível, compará-las. Palavras-chave: BR-376, dispositivos de segurança, rodovia, tráfego AbstractInvesting in security to save lives is an action perfectly aligned with premises laid down by resolution nº 2/2009 of the United Nations. Based on this context, this work evaluated the economic viability of an escape lane in a Brazilian highway, which could save countless lives. The work used actual accident data and estimated costs for the Project. The methodology calculated costs (deployment/maintenance) and benefits (accidents avoided). The evaluation was constructed by traditional indicators of economic viability analysis, considering a cash flow of 16 years. The project was largely satisfactory, Payback is reached relatively fast and the Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return were positive and high. In addition, the index B/C was far superior to 1, demonstrating that the proposed Project holds high economic viability. However, further researches should be aware on other possible solutions and engineering techniques to compare them.
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