No abstract

This paper reports the G-band patterns of the metaphase chromosomes of tonguefish Cynoglossus semilaevis Gu¨nther, 1873, the first description and numbering of the karyotyped bands in metaphase chromosomes. The G-banding method stained positively 68.1% of the chromosome surface in C. semilaevis; a total of 171 G-bands (89 positive, 74 negative and eight variables) were recorded in 20 pairs of autosomes and in one pair of the sex-chromosomes Z and W.

The rain parameters derived from the laser OTT second-generation Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel 2), the two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD), and DZZ5 tipping-bucket rain gauge (RG) during the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment (IMFRE) in summer 2018 are compared. The total rainfall amounts observed by Parsivel, 2DVD, and RG during IMFRE were 178.07, 176.76, and 182.5 mm, while their total rainy hours were 113, 113, and 90. The mean D m (mass-weighted mean diameter) and LWC (liquid water content) values derived from Parsivel and 2DVD were 1.03 and 1.01 mm and 0.247 and 0.223 g m −3. The rainy samples from six Parsivel sites over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2016-2018 Meiyu seasons have been collected and analyzed. The occurrence frequencies for rain rates (RR) < 5 and >10 mm hr −1 were 83.9% and 7.4%, respectively, but they contributed 30.5% and 52.1% of the total accumulated rainfall. Compared with the results over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the total accumulated rainfall percentages for RR < 5 mm hr −1 and RR > 10 mm hr −1 observed at XN site were higher and lower, respectively. The stratiform rain (SR) raindrop size increases with RR over both the middle and lower reaches, whereas the N w values over the middle reaches are much higher. Opposite to the SR results, the convective rain (CR) raindrops from this study are larger, while their N w values are similar to one another. For gamma-type-size distribution, the μ − λ and Z − R relations are strongly dependent on geographical location.

The diurnal variation of precipitation reflects the influence of atmospheric heat and dynamic processes on the water cycle. Using multiple data sets, we carried out case studies and statistical analysis of the diurnal variation in Meiyu rainfall in atypical Meiyu years. Our results show that the morning precipitation was induced by strong southwesterly moisture transport and was mainly composed of stratiform pixels, whereas the precipitation occurring in the afternoon was mainly composed of convective pixels affected by updrafts. The diurnal variation in precipitation in the atypical Meiyu years appeared as a bimodal structure with peaks in early morning (06:30 LST) and afternoon (16:00 LST), which was different from the single morning peak (09:30 LST) in the normal Meiyu years and reported previously. Further research indicated that the morning peak is related to the low-level water vapor flux, whereas the afternoon peak is related to the local solar heating. In addition, the water vapor flux in the Yangtze Plain was characterized by strong morning and weak afternoon fluxes during both normal and atypical Meiyu periods. The diurnal variation in the low-level water vapor flux is thought to be influenced by the intensity of, and distance from, the subtropical high.

The vertical evolution of the cloud effective radius (R e ) reflects the precipitation-forming process. Based on observations from the first Chinese next-generation geostationary meteorological satellites (FY-4A, Feng Yun 4), we established a new method for objectively obtaining the vertical temperature vs. R e profile. First of all, R e was calculated using a bispectral lookup table. Then, cloud clusters were objectively identified using the maximum temperature gradient method. Finally, the R e profile in a certain cloud was then obtained by combining these two sets of data. Compared with the conventional method used to obtain the R e profile from the subjective division of a region, objective cloudcluster identification establishes a unified standard, increases the credibility of the R e profile, and facilitates the comparison of different R e profiles. To investigate its performance, we selected a heavy precipitation event from the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment in summer 2018. The results showed that the method successfully identified and tracked the cloud cluster. The R e profile showed completely different morphologies in different life stages of the cloud cluster, which is important in the characterization of the formation of precipitation and the temporal evolution of microphysical processes.