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Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% chitosan-incorporated composite resin when restored in Class V cavities using total etch versus self-etch adhesives after storing in artificial saliva for 24 h. Materials and Methodology: Sixty permanent maxillary premolars collected and Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of each tooth (dimensions: mesio-distally 3 mm, occluso cervically 2 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm) and restored with Group 1: micro hybrid (30 teeth) and Group 2: chitosan-incorporated composite (30 teeth), which was further subdivided into: (a) 15 teeth using total-etch adhesives. (b) 15 teeth using self-etch adhesives. Next dye extraction test was carried out using spectrophotometer. Results: Comparison within groups: In Group 1: Self-etch demonstrated less microleakage (0.0129) compared with total etch (0.0183). The difference was statistically significant, and in Group 2: No statistically significant difference was found in mean microleakage scores after using either self-etch (0.0118) or total etch adhesives (0.0120). Conclusion: It can be concluded that chitosan-incorporated composite seems to have improved mechanical properties with a stable bond when used with either self-etch or total etch adhesives in addition to being antibacterial. It may be clinically useful in restoring Class V cavities in patients with high caries risk. However, further in vitro and in-vivo studies need to be carried out.

Aim: To evaluate the pulp tissue dissolution, antimicrobial action, and smear layer removal using an experimental irrigant combining Salvadora persica and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with and without ultrasonic activation in comparison to standard irrigation protocol of NaOCl and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) with and without ultrasonic activation. Materials and Methods: Pulp tissue dissolution - Pulp tissue weighing 0.9 g was dissolved in each experimental Group G1: 5 ml of 5% NaOCl, G2: G1 + ultrasonic activation, G3: 5 ml 5% NaOCl + 40% S. persica, G4: G3 + ultrasonic activation and weighed after 1, 5, and 10 min. The difference in weight of the tissue sample was assessed. Smear layer removal and calcium/phosphate (Ca/PO4) ratio - G1: 5 ml of 5% NaOCl, saline, 1 ml of 17% EDTA, G2: G1 + ultrasonic activation, saline, 17% EDTA, G3: 5 ml 5% NaOCl + 40% S. persica G4: G3 + ultrasonic activation. Each tooth was then split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis. Antibacterial Activity- assessed against Enterococcus Faecalis. Statistical Analysis: SEM, pulp tissue dissolution and antimicrobial efficacy – Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Mann–Whitney EDX – ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc analysis. Results: Pulp dissolution by G3 and G4 was better. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Experimental combination performed better in terms of smear layer removal, showed higher amount Ca/PO4 in EDX analysis, but the difference was not statistically significant between the groups (P > 0.05). G2 showed maximum antimicrobial efficacy compared to all groups but not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The combined formulation of 5% NaOCl + 40% S. Persica was as effective as conventional protocol and ultrasonic activation improved its efficacy.

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