Background: Macroscopic hematuria (MH) may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in IgA nephropathy. Up to 25% of patients with MH-associated AKI do not recover baseline renal function. Our objective was to identify subjects at high risk for an adverse renal function. Methods: We examined macrophages, oxidative stress markers (NADPH-p22 and HO-1) and the hemoglobin scavenger receptor (CD163) in renal biopsy specimens from 33 MH-AKI patients with complete recovery (CR, n = 17) or incomplete recovery (IR, n = 16) of renal function after 6.72 (range 0.5–21.5) years of follow-up. Results: CD163-expressing macrophages, HO-1 and NADPH-p22 expression were located in areas surrounding tubules with iron deposits and filled with erythrocyte casts. CD163-positive macrophages score and HO-1- and p22-positive staining correlated positively with percentage of tubules with erythrocyte casts and tubular necrosis. Macrophage infiltration, CD163-positive macrophage score, NADPH-p22- and HO-1-positive staining areas were significantly greater in IR patients when compared with CR patients. The CD163-positive macrophage score and oxidative stress markers (p22 and HO-1) were negatively correlated with renal function outcome, as determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria, at the end of the follow-up period. In multivariate analysis, the CD163-positive macrophage score remained significantly associated with final eGFR and proteinuria after adjustment by age, gender, duration of MH, initial eGFR and proteinuria. Conclusions: Increased macrophage infiltration, CD163 expression and oxidative stress are significant prognostic factors for an IR of renal function in patients with MH-associated AKI. These molecular pathways may be involved in the renal response to injury and could be useful to improve diagnosis and therapeutics.
Las especies del género Rubus, comúnmente son explotados para su consumo en fresco, gastronomía regional y herbolaria tradicional, dichos beneficios son atribuidos a la presencia y acción de sus metabolitos polifenólicos como los flavonoides y antocianinas, que son conocidos por su actividad antidiabética, anticancerígena, etc. En México se reportan alrededor de 15 especies silvestres del género Rubus. No obstante, el crecimiento poblacional ha invadido su territorio, comprometiendo su desarrollo. Por lo anterior y con el fin de rescatar e incorporar en programas de mejoramiento genético los materiales silvestres, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y actividad antioxidante en frutos de tres especies silvestres (Rubus adenotrichus, Rubus pringlei y Rubus glaucus Beth), comparados contra una variedad comercial (Tupy). Se colectaron frutos en el estado de Michoacán y se evaluaron parámetros fisicoquímicos, polifenoles, flavonoides, antocianinas y capacidad antioxidante (CA) en extractos etanólicos. En los resultados, la longitud del fruto vario de 1.7-2.23 cm y el peso unitario de 1.1-3.1 g, la relación de sólidos solubles totales y acidez titulable de 8.32-14.76. Los polifenoles totales reportaron datos de 285.06-592.61 mg EAG/100 g PF, flavonoides totales de 93.13-36.4 mg EQ/100 g PF y antocianinas de 18.43-4.32 mg L-1. La CPA de 65.7-25.15 μM ET/g PF. Este estudio demostró que las especies silvestres cumplen con características fisicoquímicas y nutracéuticas para ser incorporadas en programas de fitomejoramiento o la industria farmacéutica.
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