Abstract:Frailty is a clinical geriatric syndrome caused by physiological deficits across multiple systems. These deficits make it challenging to sustain homeostasis required for the demands of everyday life. Exercise is likely the best therapy to reverse frailty status. Literature to date suggests that pre-frail older adults, those with 1-2 deficits on the Cardiovascular Health Study-Frailty Phenotype (CHS-frailty phenotype), should exercise 2-3 times a week, for 45-60 min. Aerobic, resistance, flexibility, and balance training components should be incorporated but resistance and balance activities should be emphasized. On the other hand, frail (CHS-frailty phenotype ≥ 3 physical deficits) older adults should exercise 3 times per week, for 30-45 min for each session with an emphasis on aerobic training. During aerobic, balance, and flexibility training, both frail and pre-frail older adults should work at an intensity equivalent to a rating of perceived exertion of 3-4 ("somewhat hard") on the Borg CR10 scale. Resistance-training intensity should be based on a percentage of 1-repetition estimated maximum (1RM). Program onset should occur at 55% of 1RM (endurance) and progress to higher intensities of 80% of 1RM (strength) to maximize functional gains. Exercise is the medicine to reverse or mitigate frailty, preserve quality of life, and restore independent functioning in older adults at risk of frailty.Key words: aging, frailty, exercise prescription, exercise training, resistance exercise, exercise recommendations.Résumé : La fragilité est un syndrome gériatrique clinique qui résulte de déficits physiologiques de plusieurs systèmes. Ces déficits constituent un défi pour le maintien de l'homéostasie exigée dans la vie de tous les jours. L'exercice physique est vraisemblablement le meilleur traitement pour contrer l'état de la fragilité. D'après la documentation existante, les personnes âgées au seuil de la fragilité, soient celles présentant 1 ou 2 déficits selon le phénotype de fragilité dans l'Étude sur la santé cardiovasculaire (« CHS »-phénotype de fragilité), devraient effectuer des exercices 2 à 3 fois par semaine à raison de 45 à 60 minutes par séance. Les séances devraient comprendre des exercices aérobies, contre résistance, de flexibilité et d'équilibre, mais devraient surtout mettre l'accent sur la résistance et la flexibilité. D'autre part, les personnes âgées présentant 3 déficits ou plus selon le CHS-phénotype de fragilité devraient effectuer des exercices physiques 3 fois par semaine à raison de 30 à 45 minutes par séance et mettre l'accent sur l'entraînement aérobie. Au cours des séances d'entraînement aérobie, d'équilibre et de flexibilité, les personnes âgées frêles et au seuil de fragilité devraient effectuer des efforts de niveau 3-4 (« assez difficile ») sur l'échelle CR10 de Borg. On devrait effectuer les exercices contre résistance à un pourcentage du maximum estimé (« 1RM »). Les programmes devraient démarrer à 55 % 1RM (endurance) et progresser vers des intensités plus élevées, soit 80 ...
Elbow flexor force steadiness (FS) depends on strength and decreases with age. Achilles tendon mechanics effect standing balance and isometric plantarflexion FS. This study investigated the influence of distal biceps brachii (BB) tendon mechanics and elbow flexor strength on age-related decline in FS. Nine young (23 ± 2 years) and nine old (77 ± 5 years) males performed submaximal isometric elbow flexion tasks at low (2.5%, 5%, 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and high (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%MVC) forces in a neutral forearm position. Distal BB tendon elongation and cross-sectional area (CSA) were recorded on ultrasound to calculate mechanics of strain, stress, and stiffness. Coefficient of variation (CV) of force was used to assess relationship of FS to tendon mechanics and strength. Young were 22% stronger and 41% steadier than old (P < .05). Tendon stiffness (170.1 ± 132.9 N/mm; 113.0 ± 55.1 N/mm) did not differ with age (P > .05). Young had 40% less strain compared to old at 5% MVC, but 42% greater strain at 60% and 80% MVC (P ≤ .05). Stress was ~18% greater in young at 10%, 20%, and 80% MVC (P ≤ .05). At low forces, CV of force was predicted by stress (r = 0.56) in young, and stress and MVC (r = 0.641) in old. At high forces for both age groups, CV of force was predicted by MVC and stress (r = 0.39-0.43). Stress and strain is greater in young compared with old males. Because strength influences tendon mechanics and is also associated with FS, absolute strength is a large and modifiable contributor to age-related decline in FS.
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