Background: Testicular cancers are rare in most countries. However, in many western countries its incidence has been increasing since the middle of the twentieth century. A definite geographic and racial distribution is seen in testicular tumors. The purpose of the study was to analyze the pattern and distribution of testicular cancers in one of the hospital in Nepal. Materials and methods:This was a retrospective study, in which cases were retrieved from the computer database between September 2006 and August 2011 in the department of Pathology. Pertinent data like age and histopathology of tumor were collected from the surgical pathology reports.Results: Testicular tumors were uncommon, comprising only 11.4% (8/70 cases) of all testicular lesions. Most of these tumors (50%) were seen between 4th and 5th decades. Germ cell tumors were the commonest tumors (62.5%), among which seminomas and mixed germ cell tumors were most frequently encountered, two cases each. Thirty percent of the biopsies consisted of undescended testis and none of them showed malignancy. Other tumors diagnosed were Non Hodgkin Lymphoma, leukemic infiltration and metastasis. Conclusion:Testicular tumors are uncommon in our population. As evident in other parts of the world, germ cell tumor was common in this study as well. However, unlike in Western population, no tumor was seen in undescended testis.

Background and Objective: Liquid based cytology was introduced at B P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal, on 29th November 2017. The objective of this study was to compare the results of conventional pap smears over six (6) months periods from 29th May 2017 to 28th November 2017 with the results of liquid based cytology smears over six (6) months periods from 29th November 2017 to 28th May 2018. Methods: This is retrospective study. The results of conventional pap smears over 6 months and the results of liquid based cytology smears over 6 months periods were retrieved and analysed to give overall reporting profiles and compared between the two methods. Results: The percentage of unsatisfactory smears fell 3.9% by conventional pap smears methods where as the percentage of unsatisfactory smears fell 1.2% by liquid based cytology smears. There was an increase in the number of smears reported as dyskaryosis of any grade by liquid based cytology methods. Conclusion: The introduction of liquid based cytology led to improvements in unsatisfactory smear rates and also with significant pick up rates of dyskaryosis were maintained and improved.

Background:The assessment of tumour invasion in squamous neoplasms of the larynx poses a diagnostic challenge, especially in small biopsies that are frequently sectioned tangentially. Eosinophilic infi ltration is thought to be an adjunctive criterion in determining tumour invasion. We investigated whether thresholds of eosinophilic infi ltration in laryngeal squamous neoplasms would aid in determining the presence of invasion. Materials and Methods:Fifty cases of invasive squamous carcinoma, preinvasive squamous neoplasms and benign squamous neoplasms were evaluated. The number of eosinophils per high power fi eld and per 10 high power fi elds in the stroma adjacent to the neoplastic epithelium were counted and tabulated. For statistical purposes, the elevated eosinophils were defi ned and categorized as: focally and moderately elevated (5-9/HPF), focally and markedly elevated (>10/HPF), diffusely and moderately elevated (5-19/10HPF), and diffusely and markedly increased (>20/10/HPF).Results: Eosinophil counts were elevated focally and/or diffusely more frequently in invasive squamous carcinoma than in noninvasive tumours. The increased eosinophil counts, specifi cally >10/HPF and >20/10HPF, were statistically signifi cantly associated with stromal invasion. Greater than 10/HPF and >20/10HPF had sensitivity, specifi city and positive predictive values of 23%,100%, 100% and 11%,100% and 100% respectively. Cytology was able to diagnose 33 out of 36 malignant cases. Of 17 cases which were diagnosed as benign on cytology, 3 cases turned out to be malignant on biopsy. The sensitivity and specifi city of touch smear cytology are 91.6% and 100% respectively. Conclusion:The elevated eosinophil count in squamous neoplasms of larynx is a morphologic feature associated with presence of tumour invasion. When the number of infi ltrating eosinophils exceeds 10/ HPF and or >20/10HPF in a laryngeal biopsy with squamous neoplasm, it represents an indicator for the possibility of tumour invasion. Similarly, the presence of eosinophils meeting these thresholds in an excisional specimen should prompt a thorough evaluation for invasiveness, when evidence of invasion is absent or is suspected by conventional criteria in the initial sections.