The airport as flight network node is the starting point and the end of the movement of people/goods. The airport can also be a transit point before continuing the journey to the destination. The closure of the airport due to force majeure such as a disaster or terrorism may disrupt the national air transportation network. The effects of the closure of an airport to the national air transportation network depends on the level of connectivity of the airport. This study aimed to quantify the connectivity between two airports in the national air transportation network. Based on the connectivity data, it can be determined that appropriate mitigation strategies during an airport closure due to force majeure.

Traffic density in the terminal control area will increase flight safety risks. One effort to reduce the risk is to minimize the controller’s workload when affected by air traffic complexity. This research uses a simulation model to measure air traffic complexity in terminal control areas. The aircraft performance model has been constructed from ADS-B data and represents the aircraft movement in the terminal control area of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. The simulation model can detect and resolve conflicts to keep separations between aircraft at a specified minimum separation limit. Air traffic complexity measurement uses several indicators, i.e., aircraft density, number of climbing and descending aircraft, aircraft type mixing, conflict control, aircraft speed difference, and controller communication. The weighting factor for each indicator has been obtained from Jakarta Air Traffic Service Center (JATSC) controller perception using an analytic hierarchy process. The simulation results show that the variation of resolution type affects the complexity level significantly. The results of this study can be used as consideration for improving air traffic control procedures and air space structures. ABSTRAK: Kepadatan trafik di kawasan terminal kawalan bakal menyebabkan peningkatan risiko keselamatan penerbangan. Salah satu cara bagi mengurangkan risiko adalah dengan meminimumkan beban kerja pengawal yang terlibat dengan kesesakan trafik udara. Kajian ini menggunakan model simulasi bagi mengukur kesesakan trafik udara di kawasan terminal kawalan. Model pretasi pesawat telah dibina menggunakan data ADS-B dan ini mewakili pergerakan pesawat di terminal kawalan lapangan terbang antarabangsa Soekarno-Hatta. Model simulasi ini dapat mengesan konflik dan membuat resolusi bagi mengekalkan penjarakan antara pesawat mengikut had penjarakan  minimum yang ditetapkan. Beberapa indikator telah digunakan bagi mengukur kerumitan trafik udara, iaitu: ketumpatan pesawat, bilangan pesawat mendaki dan menurun, jenis pesawat, kawalan konflik, perbezaan kelajuan pesawat dan pengawal komunikasi. Faktor pemberat bagi setiap indikator telah diperoleh daripada pengawal persepsi Pusat Servis Trafik Udara Jakarta (JATSC) menggunakan proses analisis hierarki. Keputusan simulasi menunjukkan pelbagai jenis resolusi mempengaruhi tahap kerumitan dengan ketara. Hasil kajian ini boleh digunakan bagi menambah baik prosedur kawalan trafik udara dan struktur ruang udara.

A critical step in developing good traffic management (ATM) system simulation model is to build a kinematic model of an aircraft movement that can represent the actual conditions. This study aims to obtain flight parameters for aircraft operating in the terminal control area of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport using Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data, which is openly available on Flight Radar24. Flight parameters were measured for several flight phases, such as take-off, initial climb, climb, cruise, descend, and final approach. In addition to these flight phases, flight parameters at waypoints on the arrival and departure were also measured. Furthermore, all flight parameters are modeled stochastically through the probability distribution function (PDF) approach. The best model for each parameter is obtained using the Maximum Likelihood method (MLE) with some relevant Kosmolgrove Smirnov Test criteria. The use of ADS-B data along with the stochastic model presented in this paper provides comprehensive information on flight behavior, which can be further utilized for an aircraft simulation model of an Air Traffic Management system.

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The air traffic density at the Terminal Control Area can lead to several problems related to the safety and efficiency of flight operation if not adequately managed. These problems include the increased risk of crashes between aircraft, airborne and ground delays, waste of fuel and environmental problems caused by gas emission and noise. One of the analysis tools to solve these problems is the hybrid simulation model. The socio technic characteristics of the system can be observed more intact using a hybrid simulation model so that the results of the analysis more precise and comprehensive. This article describes the research framework and progress on the development of the hybrid simulation model of an ATM system in the Terminal Control Area. The final model will integrate of agent-based simulation, discrete event simulation, and system dynamics models. An agent-based simulation model that defines the movement of aircraft in the Terminal Control Area has been developed in this early research phase. The initial model can describe the rules for minimum separation between aircraft that are applied to ensure the safety of flight operations. The following aircraft will reduce its speed so that an adequate separation distance is obtained with the aircraft in front of it. The model then will be improved by integrating a discrete event simulation and system dynamics models on the initial model to obtain a complete hybrid simulation model.