Introduction: Medical school is recognized as a stressful environment that may have a negativeeffect on a student’s academic performance, health, and psychosocial well-being. This could furtherimpact future health professionals’ attitudes and compromise patients’ care. This study aims to findout various sources of stress for medical and dental students to help prevent many future healthproblems in a student’s life. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done in Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairhawa,Nepal, among undergraduate final year bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery and third andfourth year (phase I and phase II) dental students, using a questionnaire with Likert’s scale. Dataobtained was tabulated and analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: Results showed that stress during exam 210 (92.9%) and preparation phase 200 (88.5%) stoodout as the maximum stressors for our study group. The least stress-causing element was recorded asterms with seniors 45 (19.9%), adjustment with roommates 52 (23.01%), and competing with peers69 (30.53%). Length of course 187 (82.74%), understanding the course 173 (76.55%), reading severaltextbooks 171 (75.66%), and work overload 165 (73.01%) amounted to significant stressors. Conclusions: Stress has a detrimental effect both on health as well as academic performance. Thestressors at the campus should be identified and proper coping assistance should be provided toindividual students. Systemic efforts are needed to address their concerns and make mental healthcare easily accessible to them. Counseling and awareness are recommended.

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been used in regenerative procedures but observations have indicated that with its use there is dark staining of the tooth structure. This case report describes the treatment of tooth discoloration caused by white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). Revascularization was performed with the use of WMTA in the upper left central incisor. Grayish discoloration appeared 9 months later, the tooth necessitating internal bleaching of the tooth. A significant improvement was observed in the crown after internal bleaching. The choice of material should not rely solely on biological and functional aspects, but aesthetic considerations should also be taken into account. The patient needs to be advised of risks, benefits, and alternatives to internal bleaching, eg, a veneer or a crown. Coronal discoloration is a significant distraction and embarrassment for many people in achieving an aesthetic smile; thus, it must be corrected at the earliest possible stage of discoloration.

Background: The present study compares the apical microleakage of three different root-end filling materials in which the retrograde cavity is prepared by two different burs. Methods: Eighty extracted single rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars were taken. Root canal treatment was completed. Apical 3 mm of all the teeth were resected with diamond disk. The tooth were divided into four groups with two subgroups for each group containing 10 tooth (N = 10) as: Group IA (Negative Control and IB (Positive Control); Group IIA and IIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with GIC; Group IIIA and IIIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with MTA; Group IVA and IVB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur, filled with Biodentine. After applying two coats of nail varnish leaving apical 3 mm (except for negative control group) all teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 3 days and again in 65% nitric acid for next 3 days for extraction of dye. The obtained solution was then transferred to eppendorf tube and centrifuged in microcentrifuges at 14,000 revolution per minutes (RPM) for 5 min. Optical density or absorbance of the supernatant solution was measured with UV spectrophotometer at 550 nm. Results: The absorbance of the supernatant solution after dye extraction is decreasing in the order of positive control> GIC > MTA > Biodentine> negative control group. The significant difference was observed between GIC and MTA (p = 0.0001) and GIC and Biodentine (p = 0.0001) with two different burs but statistically non-significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine with Carbide bur (p = 0.127) and Diamond bur (p = 0.496) respectively. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that Biodentine and MTA showed less microleakage as compared to GIC. There is no significant difference between mean microleakage of MTA and Biodentine. However, the mean OD of the Biodentine was least of all evaluated materials. Preparation of the rootend using round carbide bur as well as round diamond burs showed comparable microleakage for all three filling materials.

INTRODUCTION: A main variant in the mandibular molars is the presence of radix entomolaris (RE) and radix paramolaris (RP) in the mandibular first molars and fused roots in 2nd mandibular molar. Hence, the present prospective study intends to evaluate the prevalence of radix entomolaris, radix paramolaris and molars with fused roots in a local population of Western Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is prospective cross-sectional study. The total of 336 patient's mandibular first and second permanent molars having radiological and clinical evidence of pulpal pathology were included in this study. The criteria for the identification of an extra root were justified by crossing of the translucent lines defining the pulp space and periodontal ligaments in the mandibular first molars, and for the mandibular second molars, the outline of the periodontal ligament was followed to see the presence of the fused roots. RESULTS: Thirty nine patients (24 females and 15 males) showed a supernumerary distolingual root (RE) in mandibular first molars and 42 patients (18 females and 24 males) showed mesiolingual root (RP). The prevalence of patients with radix entomolaris was 11.6% (39 of 336), 13.6% for females (24 of 176) and 9.3 % for males (15 of 160). The prevalence of radix paramolaris was 12.5%(42 of 336), 10.5%(18 of 176) for females and 15% (24 of 160) for males. 54 patients (27 females and 27 males) showed C-shaped canals in mandibular molars. The prevalence of C-shaped mandibular molars was 30% for females (27 of 90) and 34.6% (27 of 78) for males. There was statistically no significant difference in the prevalence of entomolaris, paramolaris and C-shaped canals among male and female population. CONCLUSION: Failure to diagnose radix entomolaris, paramolaris and fused root may lead to missed canal and incomplete debridement of canal resulting in compromised treatment outcome. The successful endodontic therapy employed all the roots and canals to be located, cleaned, shaped and obturated.

molars, the broad buccolingual dimension of the mesiobuc-cal root and associated concavities on its mesial and distal surface is consistent with the majority of the mesiobuccal roots having two canals while there is usu-ally a single canal in each of the distobuccal This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License AJBSR.MS.ID.000508.