Introduction of multi-drug therapy (MDT) into the National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) of India has brought a decline in both the burden of the disease and the detection of new cases in the country. Despite this success, MDT has had many problems like remarkable relapse rate, non-adherence to the MDT and the emergence of drug resistance associated with it. Moreover, there is no new MDT regimen at present, which could solve all these problems. The current situation suggests that we should look for alternative solutions in the delivery of leprosy-related services. With the introduction of Accredited Social Health Activists under the National Rural Health Mission, there is an opportunity to control some of these problems associated with MDT. Besides, District Nucleus should take initiatives and actively participate in establishment of coordination between departments of Health, Social welfare and justice, education and various non-governmental agencies working in the field of leprosy and disability in order to deliver the best of services to the persons affected by leprosy.

Background: The present study compares the apical microleakage of three different root-end filling materials in which the retrograde cavity is prepared by two different burs. Methods: Eighty extracted single rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars were taken. Root canal treatment was completed. Apical 3 mm of all the teeth were resected with diamond disk. The tooth were divided into four groups with two subgroups for each group containing 10 tooth (N = 10) as: Group IA (Negative Control and IB (Positive Control); Group IIA and IIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with GIC; Group IIIA and IIIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with MTA; Group IVA and IVB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur, filled with Biodentine. After applying two coats of nail varnish leaving apical 3 mm (except for negative control group) all teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 3 days and again in 65% nitric acid for next 3 days for extraction of dye. The obtained solution was then transferred to eppendorf tube and centrifuged in microcentrifuges at 14,000 revolution per minutes (RPM) for 5 min. Optical density or absorbance of the supernatant solution was measured with UV spectrophotometer at 550 nm. Results: The absorbance of the supernatant solution after dye extraction is decreasing in the order of positive control> GIC > MTA > Biodentine> negative control group. The significant difference was observed between GIC and MTA (p = 0.0001) and GIC and Biodentine (p = 0.0001) with two different burs but statistically non-significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine with Carbide bur (p = 0.127) and Diamond bur (p = 0.496) respectively. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that Biodentine and MTA showed less microleakage as compared to GIC. There is no significant difference between mean microleakage of MTA and Biodentine. However, the mean OD of the Biodentine was least of all evaluated materials. Preparation of the rootend using round carbide bur as well as round diamond burs showed comparable microleakage for all three filling materials.

Objective: To determine the distribution of different skeletal pattern in orthodontic patients visiting a tertiary center in midwestern Nepal.Materials & Method: A sample of 200 lateral cephalograms of Nepali patients visiting UCMS-College of Dental Surgery, Bhairahawa was obtained. The jaw base relationship was assessed from lateral cephalograms using angular measurement (ANB angle). Among the total sample size; 74 (37%) were males and 126 (63%) were female. Age was divided into 3 groups: 8-11 years, 12-17 years, and 18-36 years. Pearson Chi square test was done to test the association between age group and distribution of skeletal jaw base relationship. All data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS software.Result: The distribution of skeletal malocclusion according to ANB angle classification revealed that the most prevalent skeletal malocclusion was Class II skeletal jaw base relationship accounting up to 97(48.5%), followed by Class I 87(43.5%) and Class III 16(8%). The study showed statistically significant difference between gender and distribution of skeletal jaw base relationship (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the age groups and distribution of skeletal jaw base relationship (p<0.05).Conclusion: Most common skeletal jaw base relationship in patients seeking orthodontic patients was Class II followed by Class I and Class III in a tertiary center of mid-western Nepal.

In group Nisin, the mean CFU was 10.6250 at 24 hrs, 6.6250 at 72 hrs and 6.2500 after 1 week respectively (statistically significant). In group Chlorhexidine, mean CFU was found to be the lowest of 10.5000 at 24 hrs, with further gradual increase to 13.7500 at 72 hrs and further increase to 15.8750 by 1 week. Similarly, in group linezolid , the mean CFU was found to decrease from 49.0000 at 24 hrs to 29.8750 at 72 hrs and then increase to 34.8750 in 1 week.

Objectives: To determine the pattern of distribution of dental malocclusion in a sample of Nepalese orthodontic patients in Western Nepal.