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Mathematical logic is fundamental today in the scientific field. Therefore, engineering students must be competent in logical operations. In this paper, first-year engineering students were asked to solve four problems related to the teaching and learning of two-dimensional geometric shapes as part of an evaluation, generating a variety of responses, within the parameters of the four types of logic. This document presents and analyzes these results, and compares and discusses the differences between natural human reasoning and engineering logic. It seeks to explain the defects in logical reasoning that occur despite formal training and considers several possible cultural and psychological explanations for this phenomenon.

The present work´s objective is to analyze the operation of the theoretical discursive reasoning that is generated when engineering students solve problems of geometry in a pencil and paper environment. The results related to the different characteristics of the structuring of the discourse identified in the resolutions of four problems are presented. A classification of each characteristic was made for each student's speech and was related to the performance indicators of the theoretical discursive reasoning Keywords-Discursive reasoning, engineering, geometry, deductive step.

The cognitive level is measured in the PISA tests that are carried out every 3 years in the countries associated with the OECD. Ecuador participated for the first time in 2017 in these tests. It is proposed to adjust a mathematical model based on linear regression of multiple variables involving previously investigated factors that have a relationship with the average cognitive level of a country. The factors used are: level of education of parents, minimum wage, fertility rate, infant mortality, access to early education, unemployment rate, government expenditure on education and teenage pregnancy. With the results obtained, it is analyzed which factors have the most influence to give general guidelines where one must work to increase the level of education in Ecuador.Digital Object Identifier (DOI):http://dx. Resumen-El nivel cognitivo de los estudiantes de 15 años es medidos en las pruebas PISA que se realizan cada 3 años en los países asociados a la OCDE. Ecuador participó por primera vez en el 2017 en estas pruebas, cuyos resultados serán publicados a inicios de 2019. Se propone ajustar un modelo matemático en base de regresión lineal de múltiples variables involucrando factores previamente investigados que tienen una relación con el nivel cognitivo medio de un país. Los factores utilizados son: nivel de educación de los padres, ingresos mensuales, tasa de fertilidad, mortalidad infantil, acceso a la educación inicial, tasa de desempleo, gasto público en educación y embarazo adolescente. Con los resultados obtenidos, se analiza cual o cuales factores tienen mayor influencia para dar lineamientos generales en donde se debe trabajar para incrementar el nivel de educación en el Ecuador.Palabras clave-educación, estadística, nivel cognitivo, pruebas PISA, regresión lineal de múltiples variables.