Summary Sulphadiazine, sulphathiazole and sulphamerazine were shown to be excreted through the ruminal wall and salivary glands of cows. The excreted sulphonamides had a slight inhibitory effect on cellulose digestion and on the activity of rumen infusoria. Acetylation of the sulphonamides occurred to a slight extent, sulphathiazole being more acetylated (16.2 %) than sulphadiazine (8.4 %). The rate of elimination of the three compounds, as indicated by their half‐lives, showed that sulphathiazole was the most rapidly excreted (2 hours), whereas sulphadiazine and sulphamerazine were more slowly excreted i. e. 5.4 and 7.1 hours, respectively. Zusammenfassung Sulfonamidausscheidung durch die Speicheldrüsen und Pansenwand bei Kühen und ihre Wirkung auf die Pansenflora Bei Kühen werden Sulphadiazin, Sulphathiazol und Sulphamerazin durch die Speicheldrüsen und Pansenwand ausgeschieden. Die ausgeschiedenen Sulfonamide hemmten in geringem Maße die Zelluloseverdauung und die Aktivität der Panseninfusorien. Ein gewisser Prozentsatz der Sulfonamide wurde azetyliert und zwar war der Azetylierungsgrad des Sulphathiazols grösser (16,2 %) als derjenige des Sulphadiazins (7,1 %) und Sulphamerazins (8,4 %). Die Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit, gemessen als Halbwertszeit, war beim Sulphathiazol grösser (2 h) als beim Sulphadiazin (5,4 h) und Sulphamerazin 7,1 h). Résumé Sécrétion de sulfonamides par les glandes salivaires et la paroi de la panse chez des vaches et leur action sur la flore de la panse Sulphadiazine, sulphathiazol et sulphamérazine sont sécréetés par les glandes salivaires et la paroi de la panse chez les vaches. Les sulfonamides sécrétés n'ont inhibé que dans une faible mesure la digestion de la cellusose et l'activité des infusoires de la panse. Un certain pourcentage des sulfonamides fut à vrai dire plus fort pour le sulphatiazol (16,2 %) que pour la sulphdiazine (7,1 %) et la sulphamérazine (8,4 %). La rapidité d'élimination, mesurée en demi‐temps, fut plus grande pour le sulphatiazol (2 h) que pour la sulphadiazine (5,4 h) et la sulphamérazine (7,1 h). Resumen Excreción de sulfonamidas por las glándulas salivales y la pared de la panza en vacas y su acción sobre la flora ruminal En las vacas son eliminadas la sulfadiazina, sulfatiazol y sulfamerazina por las glándulas salivales y la pared del rumen. Las sulfonamidas eliminadas inhibían en un grado muy discreto la digestión de la celulosa y la actividad de los infusorios de la panza. Cierto porcentaje de las sulfonamidas fué acetilado, siendo el grado de acetilación del sulfatiazol mayor (16,2 %) que el de la sulfadiazina (7,1 %) y la sulfamerazina (8,4 %). La velocidad de eliminación, medida como semitiempo de valor, era mayor en el sulfatiazol (2 h) que en la sulfadiazina (5,4 h) y la sulfamerazina (7,1 h).

Summary Intravenous injection of trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in adult sheep showed average half‐life values of 45 and 670 minutes, respectively. Adminstration of these drugs to lambs indicated slower elimination, with longer half‐lives than in adults. The apparent volume of distribution for both trimethoprim and sulphadoxine is also higher in lambs, especially the younger ones. Both half‐lives and volume of distribution for these two drugs decreases rapidly during the neonatal period. Acetylation of sulphadoxine occurred to a slight extent in the plasma of adult sheep (5 %) with no significant difference from that in lambs. Zusammenfassung Halbwertszeit und Verteilungsvolumen von Trimethoprim und Sulfadoxin bei Schafen in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter und Körpergewicht der Tiere Die durchschnittliche Halbwertszeit von Trimethoprim und Sulfadoxin (i. v. Applikation) betrug bei erwachsenen Schafen 45 bzw. 670 min. Bei Lämmern war die Elimination der Wirkstoffe langsamer und die Halbwertszeiten länger. Das apparente Verteilungsvolumen beider Stoffe ist insbesondere bei jungen Lämmern größer. Im Verlaufe der Neonatalperiode nimmt sowohl die Halbwertszeit als auch das Verteilungsvolumen rasch ab. Die Acetylierung von Sulfadoxin erfolgt in geringem Maße (5 %) im Plasma, wobei zwischen Lämmern und erwachsenen Schafen kein signifikanter Unterschied besteht. Résumé Demi‐temps de vie et volume de répartition du trimethoprim et de sulfadoxine chez des moutons en fonction de l'âge et du poids des animaux Le demi‐temps de vie moyen du trimethoprim et de sulfadoxine (application intraveineuse) fut de 45 et 670 min. chez des moutons adultes. L'élimination du métabolite fut plus lente chez les agneaux et les demi‐temps de vie plus longs. Le volume de répartition apparent des deux substances fut plus gros en particulier chez les jeunes agneaux. Le demi‐temps de vie et le volume de répartition déminuent rapidement durant la période néonatale. L'acétylation de la sulfadoxine fut faible dans le plasma (5 %) et il n'y a pas eu de différence significative entre les agneaux et les moutons adultes. Resumen Semitiempo de valor y volumen de distribución de trimetoprima y sulfadoxina en ovejas en dependencia de la edad y peso de los animales El semitiempo de valor promedio de trimetoprima y sulfadoxina (aplicación iv.) fué en ovejas adultas del orden de 45 resp. 670 min. En corderos era más lenta la eliminación de estos fármacos y más largos los semitiempos de valor. El volumen aparente de distribución de ambas substancias es mayor en los corderos, sobre todo en los menores. En el curso del periodo neonatal decrecen rápidamente el semitiempo de valor y el volumen de distribución. La acetilación de la sulfadoxina se efectúa en grado ligero (5 %>) en el plasma, sin que existan diferencias significativas entre los corderos y las ovejas adultas.

The epidemiology of ringworm in two cattle herds in Baghdad area was studied during the period fromSeptember 2001 to August 2002.Two hundred skin scraping were collected from the infected area. Theprevalence of infection was 68%. In males it was lower (37.5%) than females (62.5%) and higher in less thanone year old animals. The prevalence was highest in January (16.5%). Eleven species of fungi were diagnosed,these include; Trichophyton verrucosum, T. rubrum,T.metagrophytes, Aspergillus fumigatus , A. flavus , A.Niger , A.terru , Mucor spp. , Altenaria alternata , Rhizopus and Fusarium spp. , one species of yeast Candidaalbicans.

This study was carried out to evaluate the ability of Lactobacillusacidophilus to prevent and treat Salmonella typhimurium in puppies. In vitroantibiotic sensitivity test of S. typhimurium was made and the result revealedthat Ciprofloxacin is the most effective.Isolation of L. acidophilus from theintestinal tract of the normal dogs and also revealed that all Lactobacillus strainswere biochemically identical to standard strain. A bacterial strain that had highability to inhibit the growth of S. typhimurium in vitro with high ability toadhere to intestinal epithelial cells and tolerate the low pH and bile salts waschosen for the experimental study.Twenty puppies were divided into four groups and treated in different ways.The clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters were obtained from allanimals at the period of two days before inoculation until the death of animals ofthe first group at the sixth day post infection. The results revealed that , puppiesexperimentally infected with S.typhimurium showed both septicemic andgastrointestinal forms of the disease accompanied with isolation ofS.typhimurium from the blood and stool throughout the experiment. Thestatistical analysis of the results of all parameters among all groups revealed ,forthe first time, that L.acidophilus plays an important role in the prevention ofS.typhimurium infection in puppies . It also has high therapeutic effect againstS.typhimurium, which was almost similar to that of Ciprofloxacin.

Specific transfer factor (TF) extracted from spleens of sensitized and non-sensitized guinea pigs to study the efficacy of transfer of cellular immunity specific for salmonella . Two groups each of five guinea pigs were used for in vivo TF preparation. The First group was inoculated with 1 ml of aromatic dependent Salmonella typhimurium SL 1479 vaccine at a dose of 10' cfu/ml intramuscularly twice at two weeks intervals. The second group was injected with trypticase soy broth similarly . These two groups used as a donor for TF, and TFn respectively. Twenty one recipient guinea pigs were divided into three groups, the first group was TF at a dose of 1 ml equivalent to 5X10 cell intramuscularly three times/2 days intervals, Similarly the second group was given TF, where as the third group was given PBS- Cell mediated immunity in recipient animal was evaluated by delayed type hypersensitivity - skin test, Macrophage migration inhibition test (MIF) and then challenged with virulent Salmonella typhimurium. The TFt recipient group induced skin test and showed migration indices less than 0.8 and overcome the challenge organism. Contrary to TFn & PBS recipient groups which did not show any response for skin test and given migration indices more than 0.8 and did not show resistance for virulent Salmonella typhimurium .