Diabetic patients frequently develop a constellation of electrolyte disorders. These derangement results from insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia. Hyperglycemia sets the internal environment for osmotic diuresis while causing a dilutional effect on electrolyte concentrations.The osmotic effect of glucose results in decreased circulating blood volume and fluid shift from the intracellular spaces causing cellular dehydration. These disturbances are particularly common in decompensated diabetes, especially in the context of diabetic ketoacidosis or non ketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome.These patients are markedly sodium, magnesium and phosphate depleted. Diabetes mellitus is linked to both hypo and hyperkalemia and also hypo and hypercalcemia reflecting coexistence of hyperglycemia related mechanisms, which tend to change serum potassium and calcium to opposite directions. This article provides an overview of the electrolyte disturbances occurring in Diabetes and mechanisms underlying those disturbances.Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2017; 10(1): 27-35

Background: Menopausal health in our environment has received little attention. As a independent risk factor for dyslipidemia, the degree and pattern of derangement, though difficult to assess may adversely affect the cardiovascular health of our women.Objectives: To estimate the serum lipid profile and the atherogenic index of plasma among the pre and post- menopausal women.Materials and Methods: After an overnight fasting blood samples were collected from a group of 339 women, 140 premenopausal aged between 25-50 years and 199 postmenopausal aged between 51-70 years. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDL-cholesterol were estimated by enzymatic methods and LDL-cholesterol by established mathematical methods. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated by using the formula (logTG/HDL-C). Statistical analysis was carried out in the two groups using the unpaired t test. Results were expressed as mean±SD. P values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.Results: There were statistically significant increase in serum TC (191.21±45.50 mg/dl), TG (185.83± 111.83 mg/dl) and LDL-C (118.71±38.48 mg/dl) in post-menopausal women. Their HDL-C level (38.67±10.00mg/dl) was significantly decreased. The calculated atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was significantly higher (0.63±0.27) in post-menopausal women as compared to that in premenopausal women (0.50±0.29).Conclusion: Menopause leads to changes in lipid profile. By elevating LDL and the reduction of cardioprotective HDL is an indication that menopause is an independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. These changes are caused by loss of cardio-protective effect of oestrogen.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 9, No. 1: Jan 2018, P 44-49

Among the non-communicable diseases, CVD is the number one cause of mortality all over the world. Hypertension is an important contributor to cardiovascular diseases, stroke and kidney diseases. The study was done to evaluate the association of serum uric acid and atherogenic index of plasma with hypertension. A total of 100 individuals were selected as study subjects based on predefined enrollment criteria. Among them 50 diagnosed cases of hypertension were selected as cases and 50 normotensive healthy individuals as controls. Serum uric acid and serum lipid profile were measured in all study subjects. Atherogenic index of plasma was calculated by the formula log (TG/HDL-C). The study population mostly belonged to 36 to 45 years of age group. The mean age of hypertensive patients was 40.78±4.00 years and that of controls was 39.58±4.12 years. The study found that the mean levels of serum TG (205.24±56.74 mg/dl), TC (225.44±60.67 mg/dl), LDL-C (134.34±49.58 mg/dl) in hypertensive patients were significantly higher than those of controls. The mean AIP in the hypertensive patients was (0.68±0.19) significantly higher (p<0.001) than that of controls (0.43±0.22). The mean serum uric acid level in hypertensive patients (7.05±1.31 mg/dl ) was found to be significantly higher (p<0.001) than that of controls (4.84±1.27 mg/dl). The study shows a positive linear correlation of serum uric acid with TG (r=0.455, p=0.001), TC (r=0.504, p=0.001), LDL-C (r=0.425, p=0.002) and negative correlation with HDL-C (r= - 0.158, p=0.274) in hypertensives. The hypertensive subjects showed a positive significant (r= 0.437, p= 0.002) correlation between AIP and serum uric acid. From the study it seems that hyperuricemia and high AIP are associated with hypertension.Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2016; 9(1): 5-10

Background: Dengue is an acute systemic viral disease that has established itself globally in both endemic and epidemic transmission cycles. The disease is spread by the bite of an Aedes mosquito. Electrolyte disturbances is a major complication in dengue infection. In present study serum sodium, potassium & chloride level was estimated to find the electrolyte abnormality in dengue patients. Material & Methods: This prospective cross sectional study was done on 121 adult patients of “Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College, Hospital” from August 2019 to April 2020 who were tested positive by NS1 or IgM for dengue. Result: Mean age of dengue patients was 31.17 ± 11.8 yrs. Higher percentage (57.85%) of dengue patients were observed in young age group (i.e. 18-30 yrs.) than any other age group. Mean value of serum electrolytes was 139.34±3.76 meq/L, 4.48±.74 meq/L & 101.1±3.55 meq/L for sodium, potassium & chloride respectively. Mean value of all electrolytes are higher in dengue fever than dengue hemorrhagic fever though there was no significant statistical difference. Among all the dengue patients 10.7% had hyponatremia, 4.1% had hypernatremia and 85.1% had normal serum sodium. Regarding serum potassium status 9.92% had hypokalemia, 17.36% % had hyperkalemia and 72.72% had normal serum potassium. Conclusions: Young male population aged 18-30 yrs is more prone to dengue infection. Common electrolyte disturbances in dengue infection are hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(2): 105-108

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