Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the whole aerial plant of Portulaca grandiflora Hook on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg). Adult male Wister albino rats were divided into five groups; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (200 mg/kg), and diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (400 mg/kg) for 21 days and analyzed for body weight (BW) and blood glucose. Results: The STZ-treated diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in blood glucose with a concomitant decrease in BW. Oral administration of P. grandiflora H. extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for 21 days showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and elevation in the bodyweight studies as compared to control and glibenclamide-treated rats. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that a potent antidiabetic activity was present in the aerial part of plant P. grandiflora H. extract.

A disorder with estrogen dependency comprising of inflammatory lesions outside the uterus, causing pain and inflammation in pelvis and affecting women of reproductive age with infertility and post reproductive age is endometriosis. Endometriosis is viewed as public health issue with a major impact on quality of life of women. Medically advanced computational and chemical treatments are available to treat the progression of the disease by diagnostic imaging, clinical examinations, imaging and laparoscopy often leading to immediate surgery. A warrantable rethinking on the diagnosis and management of endometriosis is to be assessed and medical treatments should be considered as first-line option for therapeutic relief for endometriosis by suppressing the systemic estrogen levels providing desirable efficacy and safety, prior to performing endometriosis surgery. The aim of this review is to describe natural products, hormonal and non-hormonal compounds that suppress the progression of endometriosis. Various herbal, conventional and traditional therapies are investigated to treat gynecological disease, endometriosis. The information in this paper include various studies assessing the use of novel treatments in addition to the herbal and hormonal products in the endometriosis therapy. Most of the studies involved were in scrutinizing the pharmacological activity profiles of various sources of drugs in endometriosis treatment, hormonal drugs involved suppression and regulation of various hormones along with various factors like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-invasive, immunomodulatory, and estrogen modulating activity. However, novel drugs and medicinal plants are also reviewed here to draw attention to the molecules of drugs that target at multiple points for rational therapeutic treatment of endometriosis.

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Objectives: The objective of the present study is taste masking of bitter clarithromycin using Indion 204, Indion 234, and Tulsion 335 as ion-exchange resins, which forms insoluble complexes, inhibiting the drug release in saliva as ion-exchange resins are cross-linked polymers, water-insoluble that contains salt-forming groups in repeating positions on the polymer chain. Drugs that are bitter and cationic get adsorbed onto weak cationic exchange resins of carboxylic acid functionality such as Indion 204, Indion 234, and Tulsion 335 to form non-bitter complexes. Methods: The drug-resin complex loading process was optimized for the resin content, activation, swelling time, stirring time, influence of pH, and temperature for maximum drug loading and the formed complex was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm complex formation. The drug-resin complex was also characterized by their micromeritic and rheological properties. These complexes were used to prepare oral reconstituted suspensions and the taste was evaluated. The formulation was evaluated for various parameters such as sedimentation volume, pH, redispersibility, viscosity, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Results: Acid-activated resins comprising Indion 204, Indion 234, and Tulsion 335 with the drug:resin ratio of 1:2, stirred in a solution of pH 7–8 at 70° for 6 h had a maximum drug loading and masked the bitter taste of clarithromycin. DSC of the drug-resin complex (DRC) revealed that there was interaction leading to complex formation. The drug-resin complex was formulated into suspension formulations (S1-S9) and evaluated. Various parameters were found to be within permissible limits. Formulations S3, S6, and S9 containing 1:2 ratios of the drug-resin complex of Indion 204, Indion 234, and Tulsion 335 revealed maximum taste masking. This was further confirmed by treatment of taste evaluation scores obtained from the volunteers by ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. All the three optimized formulations had a significant difference of p<0.001 when compared to control S10. S6 formulation was widely accepted. Conclusion: Ion-exchange complexation could efficiently mask the bitter taste of clarithromycin and achieve palatable taste suitable for pediatric use.