Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, str. Vasyl Stus, 38, Lviv, 79034, Ukraine Organic germanium compounds are characterized by a wide spectrum of effect on the organisms of people and animals and are used as a food supplement to enhance the immunological organism reactivity. However, using of the toxic inorganic forms as precursors for obtaining organic germanium compounds by chemical synthesis indicates the urgency of searching for the alternative ways to get them. This article presents the results of the study of the influence of different amounts of germanium citrate, which was obtained by electric impulse nanotechnology method, onto the physiological processes in rat organism to determine the optimal dose. The germanium citrate solutions with the concentrations of 10, 200, and 300 µg of Ge/L were used in the study. It was determined that feeding with germanium with the concentration of 10 µg of Ge/L did not show significant changes of the studied parameters. While an elevated concentration of hemoglobin, circulating immune complexes, and average weight molecules were observed in the blood of the rats, which were fed with germanium citrate with the concentrations of 200 and 300 µg of Ge/L. Such changes may indicate the immunomodulatory properties of the germanium citrate. Probable decrease in the concentration of the lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products in the blood of the animals, which were fed with the germanium citrate with the concentrations of 200 and 300 µg of Ge/L of water, was also found out. More effective physiological influence of the germanium onto the peroxidation processes was noticed in case of feeding its citrate with the concentrations of 200 and 300 µg of Ge/L. So feeding with the germanium citrate, produced with the help of the nanotechnology method, improves the immunological indicators and reduces the intensity of the lipid peroxidation of the infant rats.

<p><span lang="EN-US">To realize the genetic potential of animals, an important role should be taken to prevent the presence of mineral substances in the rations. Because of their lack of revenue in the body of animals the productivity is decreased, the reproductive function is disturbed, there is a disease. there are diseases.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Material for the scientific and economic experiment on the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt on the milk productivity of high-yielding cows and the exchange of Mangan in their body were Holstein animals, Ukrainian Black- Spotted dairy and Ukrainian Red - Spotted dairy breeds. The trace elements were introduced into feed concentrates, and they into the fodder mix by the method of weight dosing and multi-stage mixing. Balancing of rations of highly productive cows of the 1st control group to norm only Selenium, Kuprum and Iodine, led to a concentration in 1 kg DM (dry matter) of feed mix, mg: Zinc – 32.4; Manganese – 27.8; Cobalt – 0.27; Selenium – 0.3; Copper – 12 and Iodine – 1.1 and the lowest concentration of Mangan in milk and in the body. The cows of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were fed with all the trace elements to the norm (for the 2nd experimental group at the expense of zinc sulfates, manganese, cobalt, copper, selenium, Suplex of Selenium and potassium iodide, for the 3rd instead of zinc sulfates, manganese and mixed cobalt compounds were introduced into their ligand complexes). The concentration of trace elements in these groups in 1 kg of DM was, mg: Zinc – 76; Manganese – 76; Cobalt – 0,97; Copper – 12; Selenium – 0.3 and Iodine – 1.1. The concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in 1 kg of DM of fodder was reduced by 20% for cows of the 4th experimental group and by 30% for the 5th experimental group.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">The results of the conducted searches indicate that the use in feeding of high-yielding cows of various doses of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese, and Cobalt on the use of Suplex of Selenium and sulfate copper and potassium iodide in the first 100- days lactation positively affect the growth of their milk production. Animals of experimental groups dominated cows of analogues of the control group, rations of which were scarce on Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, by average daily yield of natural milk, respectively, by 4.5; 5.8 and 4.0 kg, or 11.63: 14.99 and 10.34%, and these differences were reliable. While the average daily milk yield of cows of the 2nd experimental group exceeded the average daily yield of the 1st control group by 3.8 kg or by 9.82%. In milk of experimental cows, a single increase in the fat content of 0.01–0.09% was also noted. </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Carrying out balance research confirmed the data of milk productivity. Thus, in the body of cows of the 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups, more Manganese were deposited, respectively by: 540.7; 531.5, and 394.5 mg compared to control and by 367.1, 357.9, and 220.9 mg – in comparison with the 2nd experimental group; in experimental cows of groups 4 and 5, the manganese was deposited less by 9.2 and 146.2 mg in comparison with the 3rd experimental group. With milk in cows of the 1st control group during the day was allocated 20.8 mg of Manganese, and in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups it was allocated more, respectively by 6.7, 9.8, 15.4, and 10.6 mg. Manganese fecal excretion was less in comparison with the 2nd experimental group, in the cows of the 3rd experimental group it was less by 365.9 mg, in the 4^th group – by 623.3 mg, and in the 5^th group – by 691.4 mg.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">The use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt enhances the milk productivity of high-yielding cows, reduces their need for these elements, improves their digestion and reduces their excretion with feces.</span></p>

Aim. To study the state of physiological reactivity of the organism and blood antioxidant defense system of female rats and their offspring under prolonged feeding with “nanoaquacitrates” of germanium, chromium, and selenium. Methods. To accomplish the stated objective we carried out physiological and biochemical studies, using colori- metric methods to study the content of glycoproteins and separate monosaccharides of their carbohydrate com- ponents. The state of antioxidant defense system was studied by the intensity of lipid peroxidation that was also determined using the colorimetric methods based on the content of lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products in blood. Results. The intergroup differences in the content of glycoproteins and their carbohydrate components in the blood of female rats and their offspring of both experimental groups have been observed compared against the control. This may indicate approximately the same integrated biological effect of chromium, selenium, germanium in the second group, fed with chromium and selenium citrates along with the drinking water, calculated as 50 μg per 1 kg of body weight (b.w.) for Cr and Se, and germanium citrate – 15 μg Ge per 1 kg of b.w. The fi rst group served as a control; and the third one was fed with chromium and germanium citrates, calculated as 50 μg per 1 kg of b.w. for Cr, and germanium citrate – 15 μg Ge per 1 kg of b.w., which results in the activation of the physiological reac- tivity system. However, the integrated physiological effect of citrate compounds of the three elements – chromium, selenium, and germanium – on the rats of the second group was more signifi cant, as confi rmed by a high probability of differences compared against the control group. The complex of microelements, used in these quantities, dem- onstrates signifi cant antioxidant activity, which is typical for each microelement. Conclusions. Feeding mature, 4–8-month-old, rats (feeding started at 4 months and lasted till the end of the 8 th month) and young, 0–4-month-old, rats (feeding started at birth and lasted for 4 months) with “nanoaquacitrates” of germanium, chromium, and sele- nium causes an increase of physiological reactivity in their bodies, which is evidenced as follows, 1) the increase in the ceruloplasmin content in the blood of mothers and infant rats, in haptoglobin and sialic acids – only in mothers, and in protein-bound hexoses – in infant rats; 2) a reduction in the intensity of lipid peroxidation in the blood of mature females and young rats with lower content of lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products in the blood of the animals from experiment groups, which is more signifi cant in females; 3) identical orientation of the integrated physiological effect of chromium, selenium, germanium, and the combination of chromium and germanium on the organism of female and young rats which causes general activation of reactivity of the organism and its antioxidant system that is more vivid for females.

The aim of research was to study the effect of different amounts of cobalt citrate produced by nanotechnology on biochemical processes in cows, their productivity and biological value of milk in the first two months of lactation. To achieve this goal the subsequent problems have been solved. We investigated the effect of different amounts of cobalt citrate on biochemical parameters of blood and milk of cows and controlled their average daily yield. The experiment has been conducted in 3 groups of cows (5 cows each) of Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle, analogue by body weight (590–620 kg), performance (6,5–6,8 thousand kg of milk per past lactation) and lactation (3–4 lactation). Unlike the control cows, animals experimental (ІІ) group for two months were fed by mineral supplements in the form of cobalt citrate in an amount of 19 mg Co/kg of dry matter of diet and research (ІІІ) – cobalt citrate in an amount of 34 mg Co/kg of dry matter of diet. Duration of cobalt citrate feeding of cows of research groups was 2 months. In all groups of cows the samples of venous blood were taken in preparation for feeding additives period and during 60 day of additives feeding period in order to determine the concentration of total protein, ceruloplasmin, sialic acids, hexoses bound to proteins and activity of amino transferases. The milk production has been controlled in days of sampling with the definition of daily milk yield per cow and taking an average sample for the determination of milk fat, protein, lactose, inorganic phosphorus and calcium. It has been established that the inclusion in the diet of cows of experimental (ІІ) group of mineral supplements contributed to an increase in animal blood total protein content by 11.9% (P < 0.05), inorganic phosphorus by 15.3% (P < 0.05) and hexoses bound protein by 8.8% (P < 0.05). Under these conditions milk content of inorganic phosphorus increased by 5.6% (P < 0.05) and average daily milk production increased by 4.5%. The use of mineral additives in third experimental group of animals within two months contributed to an increase in blood ceruloplasmin content by 5.1% (P < 0.05) and hexoses bound protein by 11.5% (P < 0.01). Mineral supplements promote 5.4% raise of average daily milk production and increase it to the lactose content by 0.10% (in absolute).

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of putting up for 58 days life of various amounts of nanosilicon citrate infusion obtained by the method using nanotechnology and metasilicate sodium, on the growth and development of the body of the rabbits of the Hyla 110 of the diurnal age. The rabbits of the control group fed without restriction a balanced granulated feed with free access to water. Animals of the experimental groups I, II and III fed feed of the control group's diet and, during the day, dispensed the citrus application, accounting for 25; 50 and 75 μg Si/kg body weight. The females of the IV and V experimental groups feed the diet of the control group and set the sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3H2O) with water in an amount of 2.5 and 5.0 mg Si/kg body weight, respectively. The trial lasted 68 days, including a preparatory period of 10 days, an experimental one of 58 days. On the 110-th day of life, animals of all groups were killed to determine the mass indices of carcasses, internal organs and skin. Exposure of nanosilicon citrate to animals in the I, II, and III experimental groups during 58 days was characterized by an increase in body weight of 4.0; 9.5 and 8.9%, while the use of sodium metasilicate in IV and V groups increased by 3.1 and 4.2% compared with the control group. The carcass weight correlation was correlated with body weight and in animals of groups ІІ and ІІІ, respectively, was higher by 10.6 and 9.0%, while in other experimental groups it was greater in the range from 2.4 to 2.9% compared with control. Research on the development of the body of rabbits indicated a tendency to a higher level of body mass index and internal organs in animal experimental groups than in the control, although the more pronounced differences were in rabbits I–III groups, which were deposited on nanosilicon citrus application. Ribbons infusion of citrate in comparison with metasilicate of sodium and control group, to a greater extent influenced the mass of the skin and the mass of the liver, which was reflected in an increase (P < 0.05) of their mass on 110 days of life. The use of an organic compound of silicon in the amount of 50 and 75 μg Si/kg of body weight, during 58 days, contributed to the activation of metabolic processes in the skin. Perhaps higher (P < 0.05) indices of the thickness of the dermis and subcutaneous fat and the total thickness of the skin of rabbits compared with the control group were established. The conducted studies showed more pronounced positive effects on the growth and development of the body of rabbits of the organic compound of silicon in the amount of 50 and 75 μg Si/kg body weight in comparison with its inorganic compound and control group.