Recent studies have suggested an overlapping autoimmune mechanism between segmental vitiligo (SV) and nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV). Although T-cell infiltration is observed in the margins of active lesions in NSV, the histopathological characteristics of the active margin of SV are not well known. To determine if T-cell inflammatory responses are present in the active margin of SV lesions, biopsies were taken from the active margin of a lesion in 12 patients with early or actively spreading SV and compared with a normal control sample (on the symmetrical, opposite site of the same dermatome). The samples were stained for CD4, CD8, CD25 and interferon-γ. Lymphocytic infiltration was seen in 70% of patients. CD4+ T cells infiltrated the dermis, while CD8+ T cells were present in the epidermis or attached to the basal layer. The increase in the number of CD8+ T cells was significant (P < 0.04), while CD4+ or CD25+ T cells also appeared to be increased in number, but this was not significant. These results suggest that SV also has an autoimmune mechanism in the early evolving stage.

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Clinical Therapeutics e50 Volume 39 Number 8S were eligible to be included. Both frequentist approach and Bayesian framework were used for analysis in R. Results: We included 7 RCTs with altogether 62268 T2DM patients in our network meta-analysis. GLP-1 RAs and the SGLT-2 inhibitor reduced MACE (OR 0.89, 0.82-0.97 and 0.85, 95%CI 0.73-0.99, respectively) and all-cause mortality (0.89, 0.80-0.99 and 0.67, 0.55-0.81, respectively) when compared to placebo. The SGLT-2 inhibitor reduced all-cause mortality more than GLP-1 RAs (OR 0.76, 95%CI 0.61-0.94). Moreover, DPP-4 inhibitors were comparable to placebo but associated with increased allcause mortality when compared to the SGLT-2 inhibitor (1.53, 1.24-1.89) and GLP-1 RAs (1.16, 1.01-1.33), respectively. Conclusions: The SGLT-2 inhibitor and GLP-1 RAs reduced all-cause mortality and MACE, which were both superior to DPP-4 inhibitors. The SGLT-2 inhibitor was more beneficial in preventing deaths than the other two drugs classes, which can be used as the prior secondline treatment for T2DM patients to reduce cardiovascular risks.