Planting sterilized corn grains in soil, treated with the mold inhibitors Fix-a-tox (FAT) or Antitox Plus (AP) resulted, in cases, in dwarfed and malformed corn plants and in the development of deformed, bone-shaped and grain-free corn cobs. Moreover, treating corn grains with the mold inhibitors before storage for one month caused significant changes in some nutritional components of corn grains, i.e. proteins, aminoacids, crude fibers, moisture, fats, ash and carbohydrates. Insignificant differences in protein percetage were detected between control inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and those treated with butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant or FAT treatments, whereas ground clove significantly reduced protein content. In corn grains inoculated with Fusariumverticillioides, previous treatment with FAT resulted in significant reduction in the content of proline, aspartic acid, cysteine, valine, isoleucine and leucine, whereas treatment with BHA significantly reduced the content of threonine, serine, glutamic, glycine, alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. In Aspergillus flavus treatments, FAT significantly increased the content of methionine and threonine, whereas, aspartic acid showed 26 percentage decreases, compared to the control. Pronounced reductions in threonine, isoleucine and leucine were also detected in corn grains treated with BHA. Significant increases in fiber content were detected in inoculated corn grains treated with BHA, attaining 1.34 to 2.05-fold over that of control, respectively. Treatment with FAT and BHA led to pronounced reductions in moisture content in corn inoculated with both F. verticilloides and A. flavus trials. However, treatment with ground clove significantly increased the moisture content in A. flavus treatment. FAT treatment led to significant increase in ash and fat contents in both A. flavus and F. verticilloides treatments, whereas the other tested treatments of F. verticilloides significantly reduced ash content. Treatment with ground clove significantly reduced fat content in A. flavus treatment. All the tested materials significantly reduced carbohydrate content.

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Cyst nematodes involve over than 90 known species into six genera, G. rostochiensis and G. pallida are most important pathogens of potato crops where their economically a yield losses. The aim of present investigation is characterization the cyst nematode species (G. rostochiensis) using molecular techniques during plantnematode interaction. The molecular identification of cyst nematode was carried out using ITS PCR. The results of ITS-PCR showed two bands with different molecular sizes 238 bp and 370 bp. The metabolic activation of potato leaves infected with cyst nematodes was detected. The results confirmed that, G.rostochiensis significantly elevated the contents of shoots lipid peroxidation (MDA) as compared to the untreated healthy plants.

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Globodera rostochiensis (Cyst nematode-DDH1) is a major pathogen of potato, this type of nematode was recently reported in Egypt in 2017 as a serious plant pathogen especially in Alexandria and El-Behera governorates. This study aimed to identify this species (G. rostochiensis) on the molecular level in addition to examine the plant-cyst nematode interaction. The results of ITS-PCR showed two bands with molecular sizes 238 bp and 370 bp. The small band is identified as internal band for the large one. The sequence analysis was conducted on 238 bp amplicon and the results obtained confirm that the obtained DNA sequence belong cyst nematodes (G. rostochiensis) with similarity 77%. The constructed phylogenetic tree based on the DNA nucleotide sequence showed close relationship with a Japanese G. rostochiensis (AB207271). The functional transcriptome of the infected and non-infected potato plants was analyzed using Differential Display- PCR technique and about 57 up regulated and 22 down regulated genes. Seven genes (2 downregulated and 5 upregulated) were chosen at random and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences observed that the two down regulated genes were; Chitinase domain containing protein 1 and N-like putative resistance protein. Whereas, the five up regulated genes were; Glucan endo 1,3 beta glucosidase A precursor, STS 14 protein gene, Phytoalexin deficient 4-1 protein gene, PEN1 gene and Linoleate 13S lipoxigenase 2-1, chloroplastic like, respectively. We can concluded that the regulation changes occurred for some pathogen related genes in systemiclly acquired immunity of infected potato plant compared with control were the main observation. Moreover, the cyst nematode could be able to suppressd some of plant defense system genes and inducing another in the same time.