In agricultural regions close to industrial areas, especially at the vicinity of tannery industry, chromium contamination poses a serious environmental risk. A pot experiment was carried out in the current study to assess the impact of hexavalent and trivalent chromium under the influence of microorganisms on Amaranthus gangeticus growth characteristics. Nine different concentrations of chromium (Cr) were used which consists of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg Cr+6 as K2Cr2O7 and 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg Cr+3 as KCr(SO4)2, in conjunction with four different levels of microorganisms, consisting of control, Azospirillum, Phosphate solublizing Bacteria (PSB), and Potassium Releasing Bacteria (KRB). The study revealed that when Cr concentrations increased, steady decline was observed in shoot, root length, leaf length, leaf breadth, number of leaves, and fresh weight. But when supplemented with KRB, the treatments had an ameliorative impact on chromium and, in comparison, enhanced the growth characteristics.

In India, Tamil Nadu occupies the first position in terms of area under flower cultivation then followed by Karnataka and West Bengal. Out of the 33 districts in Tamil Nadu, Krishnagiri district ranks first in cut flower production due to its suitability to climatic conditions. The cut flowers are by and large cultivated under protected conditions (poly greenhouse structure) to meet the quality standards as expected in the global trade arena. The present study was conducted to identify the adopter categories and their level of adoption with respect to protected cut flower cultivation technologies. An ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The first two intensive blocks (Thally & Hosur) cultivating cut flowers under protected methods were purposefully selected for the present study. From both blocks, six villages were selected, and the data were collected from 120 respondents among these twelve selected villages using a well-structured interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, cumulative frequency, and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of the adopter categorization showed that 40.83 percent of respondents belonged to the early majority and only 5.00 percent were innovators. The results regarding the overall adoption of protected cultivation by each adopter category reported that 54.17 percent of respondents had medium-level adoption, in that 44.61 percent and 30.77 percent were early majority and late majority, respectively. The majority of respondents have a medium-level adoption of protected cultivation, leaving potential for growth among early majority and late majority adopters. Targeted strategies and incentives should address their specific needs, and encouraging more innovators to adopt can drive widespread adoption.

Boron (B) is an important plant micronutrient with a narrower range of deficit to toxicity than any other plant nutrients. As a result, comprehending the chemistry of born in soil is crucial. Although B inadequacy and toxicity may be linked to total B levels in the soil, these issues are caused by the chemical forms of B present in the soil, notably its solubility and availability to plants. Solution pH, soil texture, soil moisture, temperature, organic matter, and clay mineralogy all impact B availability and its adsorption in soils. Various empirical equations may be used to characterize boron adsorption processes. Due to the latest fertilizer technologies which provide better nutrient dissemination, year-round B availability, and a more adjustable application window in diverse crops boron management has improved dramatically. This paper reviews about different studies and progress of research in dynamics of boron and its management in different horticulture and agriculture crops.