Aspergillus niger was used for cellulase production in submerged (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). The maximum production of cellulase was obtained after 72 h of incubation in SSF and 96 h in Smf. The CMCase and FPase activities recorded in SSF were 8.89 and 3.56 U per g of dry mycelial bran (DBM), respectively. Where as in Smf the CMase & FPase activities were found to be 3.29 and 2.3 U per ml culture broth, respectively. The productivity of extracellular cellulase in SSF was 14.6 fold higher than in SmF. The physical and nutritional parameters of fermentation like pH, temperature, substrate, carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized. The optimal conditions for maximum biosynthesis of cellulase by A. niger were shown to be at pH 6, temperature 30 ºC. The additives like lactose, peptone and coir waste as substrate increased the productivity both in SmF and SSF. The moisture ratio of 1:2 (w/v) was observed for optimum production of cellulase in SSF

Optimization of culture conditions and immobilization parameters for alkaline protease production was

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A total of fifteen nutrients comprising five carbon sources, four complex organic sources and three each of nitrogen and trace mineral sources were screened in a total of sixteen experiments using Plackett-Burman design for production of thermostable amylopullulanase by Clostridium thermosulfurogenes SVM17 in solid state fermentation (SSF) system. The design comprises screening of 'n1' variables in 'n' number of experiments. Yield of enzyme was statistically analyzed to obtain for regression coefficients and t-values. Among fifteen nutrients screened, based on their effect in terms of product promoting ability, maltose, bajra flour, peptone, CaCl2· H2O and MnCl2· 4H2O were considered promising nutrients for enzyme production and selected for optimization of their concentration using response surface methodology based on the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The design comprises a total of 54 experimental trials with first 32 organized in a fractional factorial design and experimental trials from 33-40 and 51-54 involving the replication of central points. The experimental trials from 41-50 are called star points or axial points. The design was applied to determine the effects of above medium components and their mutual interactions on amylopullulanase production. Within the tested range of concentrations, except CaCl2· 2H2O, all other components had significant effect on enzyme production. The optimum level of medium components for maximum production of the enzyme was (% w/w): maltose, 22.0; peptone, 0.8; MnCl2· 4H2O, 50 ppm; CaCl2· 2H2O, 15 ppm and bajra flour, 11.0.

The endo acting enzyme with dual specificity towards -1,4-and -1,6-glycosidic linkages are named as amylopullulanase. The production of extracellular thermostable amylopullulanase by Clostridium thermosulfurogenes SVM17 was investigated in solid state fermentation (SSF). Coarse type wheat bran was found to be the best substrate among ten easily available complex organic substrates evaluated. The production of enzyme reached a peak in 72 h. A high level of enzyme was produced in wheat bran moistened with PYE medium with a moisture content of 73 %. The optimum temperature and pH for amylopullulanase production was 60 °C and 7.5, respectively. An inoculum size of 20 % resulted in maximum production of amylopullulanase. Under the optimum conditions the strain showed a maximum of 17,227 and 21,526 U of amylase and pullulanase activity, respectively per kilogram of bacterial bran (BB). The enzyme production was high in SSF than that in SmF. The use of SSF for the production of thermostable amylopullulanase by C. thermosulfurogenes SVM17 could, therefore led to reduction in the overall cost of enzyme production.