Objective: to determine the prognostic value of the indicators of fluid and electrolyte balance in the acutest period of severe ischemic stroke (IS). Patients and methods. A total of 150 patients with severe IS of various locations and pathogenetic subtypes were examined. The impact of plasma osmolarity or sodium levels on the course and prognosis of IS was studied on day 1 of the disease. Results and discussion. It has been established that in patients with severe IS, the most common type of fluid and electrolyte imbalance is hyperosmolar hypernatremic syndrome that develops at the onset of severe IS, serves as a factor for poor outcome, and is accompanied by high mortality. The rate of fatal outcomes in hypoosmolar syndromes is higher than that in normal plasma osmolarity, but significantly lower than that in hyperosmolar syndromes. Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) is associated with a higher mortality rate than syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), which confirms a worse prognostic value in hypovolemia than in normo- and hypervolemia. The development of diabetes insipidus at the onset of IS reflects the degree of brainstem structural destruction and, accordingly, is associated with the highest rate of fatal outcomes. The cardioembolic pathogenetic subtype of IS is characterized by a more severe course and a higher probable mortality rate in both hypoosmolar and normosmolar conditions.Conclusion. Impaired fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is of significant prognostic value for the outcome of IS. In this case, the leading role is played by the hyperosmolar hypernatremic syndrome, in which the probability of a fatal outcome is highest and there is a need for continuous patient health monitoring and high-speed decision-making aimed to correct this condition. Therapeutic policy for diabetes insipidus depends on the duration of IS. The risk for fatal outcome in the cardioembolic pathogenetic subtype of IS is higher than that in atherothrombotic stroke, at any plasma osmolarity and sodium levels.

Приведены сведения о состоявшейся в Оренбурге Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием «Клиническая анатомия и экспериментальная хирургия: итоги и перспективы». Показаны и оценены направления научных исследований по клинической анатомии, экспериментальной и оперативной хирургии, отмечены наиболее существенные доклады и сообщения. Представлена география участников конференции. Ключевые слова: клиническая анатомия, экспериментальная хирургия. ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ: Лященко С.Н.-д.м.н., проректор по научной, инновационной и международной деятельности, проф. кафедры оперативной хирургии и клинической анатомии им. С.С. Михайлова Оренбургского государственного медицинского университета;

Objective. To develop the optimal surgical techniques for repeated interventions on the thyroid gland, taking into account topographic and anatomical changes in the neck after a previous hemithyroidectomy. Materials and methods. The results of repeated surgical treatment of 69 patients (divided into two groups) with various pathologies of the thyroid gland were analyzed. Patients of the main group (39 person) underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the soft tissues of the neck before the surgery. In the comparison group (30 person), reintervention in the volume of thyroidectomy was performed in the classical way without tomography. Results. Based on magnetic resonance imaging of the soft tissues of the neck, the topographic anatomy of its anterior section in patients after hemithyroidectomy was studied. Two types of disposition of organs and structures were revealed: anterior lateral and posterior medial. The first type is characterized by an anterior displacement of the esophagus to the posterior surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland and the neurovascular bundle. In the second type, a tight contact between the thyroid gland and the short muscles of the neck and displacement of the carotid artery and jugular vein posteriorly and medially was detected. Surgical techniques for repeated surgical intervention have been adjusted for each type of disposition. Conclusions. The proposed techniques made it possible to minimize the length of surgical access, the duration of intervention, the severity of pain syndrome, as well as the number of intra- and postoperative complications.

With the development of X-ray technology and the advent of computed tomography, it became possible not only to accurately diagnose hiatal hernia, but also to conduct morphometry of all its constituent anatomical structures in different projections to use the data obtained at the stage of preoperative planning for its surgical treatment. Currently, due to the improvement in the quality of diagnostics, there is an increase in the detection of patients with this pathology, along with this, the question of choosing the most rational method of treatment is acute. The aim of the study was to study the computed tomographic anatomy of the structures of the cardioesophageal junction in patients with hiatal hernia. A retrospective study of a series of computed tomograms in 53 patients with hiatal hernia, performed on a 64-slice Canon Aquilion Prime tomograph, was carried out. An assessment was made of the diameter of the distal esophagus, the size of the hernia orifice, and the deviation of the axis of the esophagus at the level of the hernial orifice relative to the diaphragm in two planes. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in 79% of cases the esophagus was located on the right and behind the hernial sac, in 13% - behind and in the middle, in 8% - on the left and behind. It was revealed that the diameter of the unchanged part of the esophagus above the hernial sac was 20.9±3.71 mm (min – 15.7 mm, max – 30.2 mm). The dimensions of the hernial orifice varied within 31.21±5.23 mm in the frontal plane (min - 24.7 mm, max - 42 mm) and 32.66±4.36 mm in the sagittal plane (min - 26.2 mm, max - 39.1 mm). The deviation of the axis of the esophagus in the frontal plane was 63.53°±16.74 (min - 19.6°, max - 92.3°). The deviation of the axis of the esophagus in the sagittal plane was 74.12°±21.31 (min - 36.3°, max - 118.1°). Thus, due to the variability in the structure and location of the anatomical structures of the cardioesophageal zone in patients with hiatal hernia, it is necessary to take into account all of the above indicators, including the presence or absence of large branches of the greater omentum in the hernial sac, body type, gender, age of patients, which serves an integral part of preoperative planning of surgical treatment, optimization and reduction of complications, as well as determining the safest method of its surgery.