Pedalium murex (L.) is a traditional herb, commonly used for the treatment of kidney stone related problems. Struvite stone can swiftly grow and become ‘staghorn calculi’ in kidney and its associated areas, which is the most aching urological disorder. The present study investigated the anti-urolithiasis activities of ethyl acetate extract of P. murex L. (EAEP) against struvite crystal. The antibacterial activity of EAEP examined against several urease producing bacteria. It showed the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (>125). On the other hand, total mass, volume, number, growth rate and dissolution rate of synthesised struvite crystals were observed at different concentrations 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% of EAEP and without EAEP. In which, EAEP addition showed appreciably reduced struvite crystal. Alternatively, MgO (300 mg of EAEP/kg/body weight) induced urolithiasis of Wistar albino rat at the rate of 1 ml for 28 days. Various biochemical parameters in serum, urine and histological analysis of kidney were taken for evaluation. Significant results (p < 0.05) were observed in 1% EAEP (300 mg) treated group than cystone treated group. From the histological study, reduced renal damage and glomerular development were observed. Our experiment, P. murex L. enhances the reducing activity on struvite crystal and prevents the crystal formation both in-vitro and in-vivo. It can be suggesting that P. murex L. and its phyto-components could be used as remedy for the management of kidney stone by dissolving the struvite stone in kidney.

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Objectives: Hypercalorie diet intake has been associated with many long-term complications including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Methods: A total of 12 Wistar rats either sex were used in this study. These animals were randomly divided into two groups as control and obese rats. Group 1 consists of six rats weighing 150-200 g and fed with normal pellet chow. Another six rats were fed hypercalorie/cafeteria diet to induce obesity and included in the study after 19 weeks of age. All animals were sacrificed; liver tissues were collected, weighed and sent for the histopathological examination.Results: Weight of liver tissues of was significantly more in obese rats than the control rats. Histopathological examination shows an excessive fat deposition and sinusoidal congestion in the liver tissues of obese rats. Conclusion:Increase in body weight is associated with the increase in fat deposition in the liver tissues which further develops into inflammation and necrosis of liver cells.

The present work aimed to estimate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant Ruellia patula (L.) against human pathogenic bacteria. Medicinal plants are the effective source for the development of drug against several diseases. Nowadays, medicinal plants were used to treat most diseases among humans because of its medicinal value. In Ayurveda and Siddha, many medicinal plants have been recommended for the management of common diseases. The extraction was done by using different solvent such as ethanol, methanol and acetone by using standard procedures. The antibacterial assay was carried by using agar well method with different organisms and also antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger using disc diffusion method. The ethanolic extract of R. patula L. (0.4 mg/mL) showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. In the antifungal activity also ethanolic extract shows highest activity compare to other extract. From the present work, we conclude that the ethanolic extract of plant R. patula L. have potential of antibacterial activity and antifungal activity because of its secondary metabolites in the plant which responsible for biological activities. Due to the presence of phyto-constituent in the plant extract may control the bacterial growth either in high concentration/long durations and it may have the ability to control the human pathogenic organisms.

The periodontal epithelium neighbouring the tooth is precise to form a seal and attachment around the tooth. This function is challenged by development of bacterial biofilm and the host response to biofilm bacteria and their toxins leading to certain vulnerabilities allied with periodontal disease. Oral epithelial cells counters the microbial challenges from dental plaque by the production of host defence peptides (HDP's), chemokines and cytokines that boost inflammation and immune response of periodontal tissues. Host defence peptides are diverse group of biologically active molecules with multidimensional properties. Besides their direct antimicrobial function, they have multiple roles as mediators of inflammation with impact on epithelial and inflammatory cells influencing diverse processes such as cytokine release, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, wound healing, chemotaxis, immune induction, and protease-antiprotease balance. In the oral cavity, the HDPs are produced by the salivary glands and the oral epithelium and they are Defensins and Cathelicidin. This mini review summarizes the current understanding of various oral host defence peptides involved in maintaining balance between periodontal health and disease.