No abstract

Studies of the influence of different technologies of ordinary chernozem cultivation on the reserves of productive moisture for growing corn for grain and winter wheat in the steppe zone of Ukraine The parameters of productive moisture at the technology of growing field crops with "zero tillage" of the soil ("No-till") relative to the shelf plowing are determined. Inserted. That the system "No-till" contributes to a significant reduction in moisture loss due to unproductive evaporation at a high rate of absorption of precipitation, provides reliable protection of soil from erosion. When covering the soil surface close to 100% in summer under corn, the reserves of productive moisture in the root layer are 1.5 and more times higher than the corresponding reserves with traditional technology; in the absence of mulch, the humidification regime with the technology without tillage is more intense than traditional. The regime of soil moisture under winter wheat for corn for silage is better by "zero" technology, but no significant difference between the options for an average of 3 years. In the snowless winter with "zero" technology with mulch, the height of snow cover was 3.2 times higher than traditional technology. It was found that a prerequisite for growing crops without tillage in the area of insufficient moisture is the creation of a thick layer of mulch due to the non-commodity share of crop yields, which in crushed form remains on the soil surface. Projective mulch coverage of 100% or close to this level is the key to the widespread introduction of cultivation technologies without tillage in arid steppe conditions.

Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of energy efficiency of agriculture in the period of developed animal husbandry when applying manure as an organic fertilizer (1956−1995) and its coagulation (1996−2020) and the use of by-products in the agro-industrial complex of Cherkasy region. Methods. Analytical, statistical, mathematical. Results. During the period from 1956 to 2020 there was a significant transformation of the structure of sown areas in the agro-industrial complex of Cherkasy region due to the reduction of spring crops, fodder crops and growth of corn, sunflower, soybeans, which significantly affected the yield of main and by-products and changed their ratio. which, in the end, leaned in favor of the yield of by-products with the growth of the components that determine the ratio. The change in the structure of sown areas significantly affected the energy intensity of the main and by-products: in the period from 1956 to 1975, the main products accounted for 43% of energy consumption, and by-products – 35%; in the period 1976–1990 48% and 35%; in the period 2011−2020 36% and 54% respectively. Energy profitability for the growth of productivity and gross output of basic products in the period from 1996 to 2020 decreased 4.2 times compared to the period from 1956 to 1995, and relative to the total biomass formed by 1.25 times; energy consumption of production increased 4.9 times, and energy efficiency decreased 3.9 times. At the same time Kee decreased by 2.8–3.9 times, reaching the lower limit of efficiency (Kee = 2.5–2.6). Conclusions. It was found that the highest energy efficiency of agriculture was in the period from 1996 to 2000, when the highest level of energy efficiency was achieved (Kee = 4.66): at the same time high efficiency of crop production was ensured with simultaneous use of manure and by-products as organic fertilizer. . During this period, the optimal number of cattle was reached, when the number of cattle was about 600 thousand, against 1022 thousand heads in the period 1985−1990, which is 1.7 times less.

Анотація. Проведено аналіз сучасних методик оцінки якості земель і ґрунтів, як їх головної й невід'ємної складової. Для дослідження використовували методи інформаційно-бібліографічний, аналітичний-для порівняння наявних підходів до бонітування, оцінювання грунтів; абстрактно-логічний-для теоретичного узагальнення та формування висновків. Виявлені переваги й недоліки методів оцінки окремих показників якості земель та ґрунтів. Розроблено концепцію оцінки якості земель на основі оптимального набору показників для адекватної оцінки якості ґрунтів та кількісної оцінки зміни якості земель у процесі їхнього сільськогосподарського використання. Наведені сучасні підходи до оцінки земель в Україні, перспективи введення ефективної оцінки та прогнозу якості земель. Надані рекомендації щодо удосконалення чинного земельного законодавства й налагодження системи державного контролю за землекористувачами в галузі охорони земель через виявлення основних деградаційних процесів, розрахунку збитків від ерозії, техногенного забруднення, від'ємного балансу гумусу тощо. .Ключові слова: якість землі, якість ґрунту, показники для оцінки якості земель та ґрунтів, охорона земель, концепція.

No abstract