Background ­— The present study was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive effects of garlic extract and silymarin on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Methods and Results — Animals were pretreated with garlic, silymarin or both for one week prior to the injection of NDEA. Then animals received a single injection of NDEA followed by weekly subcutaneous injections of CCl4 for 6 weeks. Oral administration was then continued along with the injection of CCl4 for the duration of the experiment. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GSR) were measured. Injection of NDEA induced a significant elevation in serum AST, ALT and ALP. In the liver, NDEA increased oxidative stress through the increase in LPO and decrease in SOD, and GSH-dependent enzymes. Although administration of garlic or silymarin significantly reduced the liver toxicity, combined administration was more effective in preventing the development of hepatotoxicity. Conclusion — These novel findings suggest that silymarin and garlic have a synergistic effect, and could be used as hepatoprotective agents against hepatotoxicity.

This model portrait, a scenario of genetic events that precede tumor formation where the acquisition and loss of hepatitis B virus integrations in clonally related regenerative nodules, might explain how the virus acts as a hit-and-run mutagen.

The study reports the antiproliferative and apoptosis-mediated cytotoxic effects of green tea and ginger polyphenolic extracts on human H460 cell line, indicating their promising chemopreventive effect against lung cancer.

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Objective: This work is designed to study the possible role of chronic inflammation induced by E. coli in the urinary bladder of rats, the protective role of soybean flour, in addition to the role of oxidative and nitrosative stresses during bladder carcinogenesis. Material & Methods:This study was done on one hundred and fifty adult male albino rats (50 -60 gm) that divided into five groups; a) Normal control group, b) Dibutyl amine and sodium nitrate treated group, c)E.Coli treated group, d) Dibutyl amine and sodium nitrate treated group plus E. coli, and e) Dibutyl amine and sodium nitrate treated group plus soy bean flour. Survival rate and histopatholgical changes during the period of treatment were recorded. Level of malondialdhyde, glutathione, catalase, hydrogen peroxide, Total anti-oxidant capacity and nitric oxide were measured. RNA extracted from bladder tissues was determined in addition to P16 level and caspase-3 expression.Results: Survival analysis showed a significant decrease (p< 0.001) in E.Coli and dibutyl amine plus sodium nitrate treated groups in comparing with the normal and other treated groups. Also, E. coli infection in the bladder tissues increases the carcinogenic ability of nitrosamine precursors, and enhances oxidative and nitrosative stresses via increasing levels of nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdhyde. Regarding the molecular changes, extra bands have been found in E. coli and E. coli + carcinogen treated groups approximately at 16-18KD which are not present in the other groups. Conclusion:Bacterial infection of the urinary bladder may play a major additive and synergistic role in bladder carcinogenesis. Our results have also shown that soy bean flour may have a protective action during induction of urinary tumors.