Dental neglect is a common condition among children and it can be associated with several adverse events as dental caries, dental pain and inflammation, infections, trauma, bleeding and other complications that might result from inadequate administration of adequate prevention and treatment modalities. However, many children and parents are not adequately aware of these events and the potential diseases that might be associated secondary to them. Dental neglect is a common condition that might affect children of different age groups and might also extend to adult groups and is affected by the demographics and socioeconomic characteristics of the affected populations. Furthermore, the etiology of dental neglect is variable and parenteral, child and clinical care should all be integrated to achieve better oral health. Many adverse events have been reported as dental caries and other periodontal diseases that might have a significant impact on the affected teeth and the succeeding permanent ones, which might impact the quality of life in the affected children. Accordingly, dental neglect should be given full care to enhance the outcomes of oral health in children.

As a result of the increasing needs among the public to enhance esthetics, many approaches have been made and the results included different approaches as non-metallic tooth-colored restorations, including the direct and indirect resin composites. In addition, another approach is the ceramic onlays or inlays. In this study, we aim to formulate strong evidence regarding the differences between direct and indirect resin composite the clinical outcomes, and related effects on esthetic restorations, based on evidence obtained from the current and previous studies in the literature. Many differences were discussed within the study manuscript between the direct and indirect resin groups. Furthermore, evidence shows that esthetic outcomes are in favor of the latter. We also discussed the color stability outcomes for the two groups and evidence in this area was controversial. Finally, many studies have reported that the clinical efficacy of the indirect resin composites is superior to the direct ones, while many others reported that they are similar, and only a few reported that direct resin composites are superior. Accordingly, further studies are encouraged to unify these contradicting results.

Crowns are used to manage many issues related to the primary teeth as pulpal therapy, such as developmental defects, restorations, fractured teeth, in cases of increased risk of severe dental caries, increased risk of failure of direct restorations. It also can be used as space maintainers abutments, and in cases where extensive tooth wear was present. Among the variously reported crowns, zircona, and stainless-steel crowns are commonly used in clinical settings. In this literature review, we have discussed the clinical outcomes, efficacy, stainless steel crowns, and other parameters for zirconia in pediatric patients. Many advantages and disadvantages were reported for both modalities among studies in the literature. The main disadvantage of using stainless steel crowns is their associated poor esthetic problems. However, the previous issues with their potential toxic effects have been resolved as a result of the recent metallic composition of these crowns. On the other hand, zircona crowns have been reported with many favourable clinical outcomes and increased parent satisfaction. Nevertheless, high cost and increased operation time might be the only limitations for using these modalities in clinical settings.

Introduction: Minor oral surgical procedures are practiced in dental teaching. Interns are required to be competent, well-prepared and acknowledge its basics before their practice. Lack of training and knowledge could lead to serious consequences during clinical practice. Aim: To assess the knowledge and confidence level between male and female dental interns in private and governmental Riyadh dental schools in performing simple dento-alveolar procedures. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in January 2020 among dental interns from all Riyadh dental schools. A cross-sectional survey containing 23 items was used. The first part included the informed consent and demographic data (item 1-3). The second part consisted of 10 case scenarios to assess the knowledge level (item 4-13), and the third part was developed to self-rate their confidence level (item 14-23). Around 300 participants belonging to five Riyadh dental schools comprised the study population. All interns were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel 16.16. Groups were compared using Pearson chi-square and unpaired sample t-test. The p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 300 interns invited to participate, 210 submitted the electronic survey (70%). The final study population included 117 (56%) females and 93 (44%) males. A total of 111 (53%) belonged to governmental college, and 99 (47%) belonged to private college. There was no statistically significant difference between females and males in total knowledge (p<0.272) and confidence score (p<0.850), respectively. However, a statistically significant difference in knowledge and confidence between government and private colleges was found (p<0.001). A weakly positive significant correlation (r=0.217, p=0.002) was found between the total score of knowledge and the total score of confidence in performing surgical procedures. Conclusion: The study provides baseline data on the knowledge and perceived confidence of dental interns in Saudi Arabia about certain clinical procedures in oral surgery, where respondents were most knowledgeable in prescribing an appropriate medication. They were confident in giving effective local anaesthesia. All in all, interns had a superficial knowledge about the classification of impacted teeth and they were least confident in managing cases of an intraoral abscess.