Introduction. Unsteady gait, instability, and lower extremity muscle weakness are some of the risk factors for falls. Reduced balance is a further precursor of falls, and injuries adversely affect the instability. In doing an activity without losing their balance, confidence among older adults is also crucial because it will influence their mobility. Objectives. The objective of this study is to examine the association between activity balance confidence and functional mobility, including gait, balance, and strength, among older adults. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among older adults living in long-term care facilities and community dwellings. A total of 326 older adults (>60 years old) participated in this study from three provinces in Java Island, Indonesia. The inclusion criteria were older adults living independently and without obstacles in communication, who have no hearing loss, and who agreed to be respondents. The activity-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale determines the level of confidence. The participants were asked about their balance confidence not to lose their balance while doing 16 activities. The dependent variable is the mobility test, including a gait test using TUG (times up and go) to see how the subjects stand, walk, and turn around; a balance test (four stages); and a strength test (30-second chair stand). Results. The results of the ABC scale showed the respondents felt the most confidence not to lose their balance when they walk around the house (82.01%) and the less confidence when they stepped onto or off an escalator while holding onto a railing (37.7%). The gait, balance, and strength test revealed that 51.2% of the respondents showed an unsteady gait, 63.8% showed instability that felt awkward and unusual when standing on one leg, and 60.1% of the participants showed muscle weakness. The bivariate analysis significantly correlated the ABC scale test and all mobility tests. The older adult participants who are not confident will have 12.03 times higher the unstable result of the gait test, 8.4 times higher the unstable result of the balance test, and 7.47 times higher the less strength result of the strength test who are confident. Conclusion. Older adults who lack balance confidence showed significantly poorer results in mobility tests.

BACKGROUND: Fall-related injuries are identified as a public health problem that has major consequences in affecting the lives of elderly people. Recent studies showed that one out of four elderly people suffers from this condition annually. AIM: This study aims at identification of fall risk factors that involve intrinsic and extrinsic factor to predict the future fall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study uses an observational design and a descriptive-analytic approach with a cross-sectional method which was used to identify risk factors for falls. This study targeted 60 years and above who live in West Java region. Afterward, a total of 420 people were obtained and divided into two regions, 215 people in Bandung Regency and 205 people in Bandung City. Furthermore, the sampling technique used was for cluster random sampling. RESULTS: The elderly who experienced incontinence in controlling urination had the potential of falling by 4 times compared to those who did not AOR = 3.73; 95% CI (1.038–13.428). Furthermore, those who had history of falling in the past 12 months were 2.4 times exposed compared to those who had not fallen AOR = 2.438; 95% CI (1.219–4.875). Balance disorders also contributed in increasing the risk of fall by 2 times with a value of AOR = 1.703; 95% CI (1.018–2.849). An extrinsic factor, namely, unsafe home environment has higher possibility to increase the risk of falling 2.6 times compared to those in safer environment (AOR = 2.603; 95% CI [1.331–5.087]). CONCLUSION: This study succeeded in identifying the risk factors for falls among the elderly in intrinsic and extrinsic approach. This finding can be used as a reference in planning health promotion programs for elderly people, specifically in the primary prevention of morbidity and mortality that occur due to falls.

Introduction: One of the causes of disability among elderly is falling. The ability to predict the risk of falls among this group is important so that the appropriate treatment can be provided to reduce the risk. The objective of this study was to compare the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, & Injuries (STEADI) Initiative from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT) from the Johns Hopkins University. Methods: This study used the STEADI tool, JHFRAT, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), and The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The study areas were in community and elderly home in both public and private sectors and the samples were 427 after cleaning. Results: The results for the STEADI and JHFRAT tools were similar where the respondents at highest risk of falling among women (STEADI: 49%; JHFRAT: 3.4%), in Bandung area (63.5%; 5.4%), in private homes (63.3%; 4.4%), non-schools (54.6%; 6.2%), aged 80 or older (64.8%; 6.7%) and not working (48.9%;3.3%). The regression analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship between the risk factors for falls in the elderly determined by the JHFRAT and STEADI tools: namely, region, type of home, age, disease history, total GDS and ABC averages. Conclusion: Despite the similarity in the risk factors obtained through these assessments, there was a significant difference between the results for the STEADI tool and the JHFRAT. The test strength was 43%. However, STEADI is more sensitive to detect fall risk smong elderly than JHFRATKeywords: Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale, elderly, fall risk,The Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool, the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, & Injuries

Unmet need KB berdasarkan data SDKI di Indonesia masih stagnan. Sementara konsep unmet need sesuai dengan program pemerintah yaitu unmet need alat kontrasepsi modern masih memerlukan identifikasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola unmet need alat kontrasepsi modern di Indonesia berdasarkan karakteristik dan wilayahnya. Penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder dengan panel survei dengan pendekatan kuantitatif pada analisis Data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia SDKI 2007, 2012 dan 2017 dengan sampel utama adalah wanita usia subur (15-49 tahun) baik yang menggunakan/tidak menggunakan suatu metode kontrasepsi. Penelitian dimulai dari penyaringan data, imputasi data dan analisis deskriptif. Kecenderungan kejadian unmet need meningkat sebesar 8% dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir dengan unmet need dengan tujuan menjarangkan meningkat 1,5% dan unmet need dengan tujuan membatasi meningkat 6,5%. Tidak ada perbedaan karakteristik yang signifikan antara Pasangan Usia Subur baik di perkotaan maupun di pedesaan. Tren unmet need kontrasepsi modern meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya penggunaan tradisional. dan peningkatan unmet need modern lebih dominan di Indonesia bagian timur, sehingga perlu adanya peningkatan promosi terkait penggunaan alat kontrasepsi modern di Indonesia dan perlu adanya perlakuan yang berbeda untuk peningkatan alat kontrasepsi modern sesuai dengan kondisi geografis dan sosial budaya setempat.Kata Kunci: Unmet need, Kontrasepsi modern, Indonesia, SDKI

Fall is the biggest caused of injury among elderly. It can be markers of poor health and declining function, and they are often associated with significant morbidity moreover it cause disability in the elderly that may increase health funding. The prevalence of fall among elderly in Indonesia is 8.2%. Most of them occur at home and the environment (63.7%), on the highway (18.9%) and the workplace (8.8%) (Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia, 2019). The normal changes of aging, like poor eyesight or poor hearing, considered as the risk of fall among the elderly. This condition has been linked to all-cause of mortality through three mediating variables i.e. disability in walking, cognitive impairment, and self-rated health (WHO, 2007) . This study aimed to assess the association between sensory impairment (hearing impairment and visual impairment) and the incidence of falls among the Indonesian elderly. This study conducted in cross sectional setting. Populations of this study are the elderly from 3 provinces namely Jakarta, West Java and Yogyakarta and selected in cluster random sampling. A total of 427 elderly (those who are above 60 years old) are participated this study. Hearing impairment is evaluated in self-reported and observation and visual acuity test performed to identify the visual impairment. The incidence of fall is identified by self-reported fall in the last 12 months. The multiple regression analysis identifies the model predictor for fall is statistically significant. The result showed that after adjusted to age and gender, elderly with vision impairment likely to have 2.054 times (95%CI 1.265 -3.335) to fall, the elderly with hearing impairment have 1.66 higher odds to fall (95%CI 1,005 - 2,793); Male Gender OR =0.46 (95% CI 0,288 -0,783) and Ages OR=1.84 (95%CI 1.1.67 -2.894). This finding indicates that after adjusted to ages and gender sensory impairments are increase the risk of fall among Indonesian elderly.