Background: Pregnancy has great influence on maternal thyroid gland. It induces significant physiological as well as hormonal changes that alters the maternal thyroid function. Our goal was to determine this pregnancy associated changes in thyroid gland. Objective: To correlate the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland with thyroid function tests during pregnancy. Material and methods: 135 pregnant women were recruited in this study, data of TSH, T3 and T4 was obtained and correlated it with the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: In the 135 sampled pregnant women, mean thyroid gland volume was 4.08±1.19 cm3. The mean levels of T3, T4 and TSH were v3.37±.44 pmol/L, 14.96±2.49 pmol/L and 1.21±.92 mIU/L respectively. A remarkable correlation between thyroid hormones and thyroid volume was observed. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ultra-sonographic findings is correlated with the thyroid function tests during pregnancy.

Background: The Presence of palpable breast mass may be an indication of breast cancer. Early and accurate diagnosis for the breast masses is important for therapeutic purpose. Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of mammographic and sonographic findings in the differentiation of palpable breast masses taking histopathology as a gold standard. Materials and Methods: 134 females were involved in the study. Sonographic and mammographic findings of palpable breast masses were obtained with the help of which diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and mammography was calculated while taking histopathology as a gold standard. Results: Mean age in 134 females was found to be 44.2±4.7 years. Sn, Sp, PPV, NPV, disease prevalence and accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of palpable breast lumps were 99.09%, 79.17%, 95.61%, 95.00%, 82.09% and 95.52% respectively. Sn, Sp, PPV, NPV and accuracy of mammography in diagnosis of palpable breast lumps were 95.45%, 62.50%, 92.11%, 75.00% and 89.55% while disease prevalence was same as that of ultrasound i.e. 82.09% respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasound showed higher diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of palpable breast masses than mammography while taking histopathology as a gold standard. It is noteworthy in differentiating breast masses.

Abdominal pain is a common presentation in the outpatient setting. Patients presenting to the emergency department with RUQ pain are often diagnosed with acute cholecystitis. The spectrum of diseases is also associated with RUQ pain including choledocholithiasis, biliary colic and liver pathologies. Ultrasoundis the first-line imaging modality opted to diagnose the cause of RUQ pain. More than one-third of patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis and right upper quadrant pain after the initial clinical evaluation are ultimately proved to have a different diagnosis.The objective of this study is to find sonographic findings in patients with acute RUQ pain and establish reasons of using Ultrasound in these circumstances. Material and Method: A total of 385 cases who were presented with RUQ pain in Sanabil Health Services Hospital were included in this descriptive observational study. 190 were female and 195 were male with a mean age of 44.7±13.4 years. A thorough scan of complete abdomen was done and results were analyzed through IBM SPSS statistics 28.0 version 2021. Results:Out of total 385 patients, 91 patients (23.6%) were suffering from cholelithiasis and only 19 (5.0%) of them had cholecystitis which are major causes of right upper quadrant pain. Majority of patients (26.8%) were diagnosed with Fatty liver disease, Obstructive kidney disease (17.4%) and a significant number of patients (14.5%) were also normal on Ultrasound scan. Conclusion:The Ultrasonographic diagnosis of majority of patients who are presented with right upper quadrant pain is fatty liver disease and other pathologies which are known to not cause any pain in right upper quadrant