Manganese nanoparticles (MnNPs) were created within horse spleen apoferritin (HsAFr) cavity nanotemplates. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the particle size to be 6 nm. Intrinsic fluorescence data showed that the mineralization acted as a quencher of the HsAFr fluorescence, and extrinsic fluorescence data revealed that the hydrophobic binding site at the surface of HsAFr was not changed. Finally, the MnNP-HsAFr was immobilized onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes entrapped into chitosan (CS) matrices by through sequential 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide-N-hydroxysuccinimide and glutaraldehyde coupling. The MnNPs-HsAFr immobilized on CNT-CS/GC electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. This charge transfer coefficient (α) and the exchange current (i ) of MnNPs-HsAFr immobilized on modified electrode in 0.1 M phosphate solution (pH 7.5) were found to be 0.57 and 0.48 μA, respectively.

The electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid (AA) was investigated using a cobalt(III)-ferritin immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5). The modified electrode showed excellent electrochemical activity for oxidation of AA. The response to AA on the modified electrode was examined using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The resulting biosensor showed a linear response to AA in a concentration range from 6.25×10 to 2.31×10 M with sensitivity of 86,437 μAM and detection limit of 4.65 × 10 M based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Electrochemical parameters including the charge transfer coefficient (α) and the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k ) for AA were found to be 0.52 and 1.054 Sec , respectively. It has been shown that, using this modified electrode, AA can be determined with high sensitivity, low detection limit, and high selectivity.

The microencapsulation of drugs is gaining importance in many research activities. A common technique for preparing microcapsules is the solvent evaporation method which is simple but has a large number of reaction control parameters. This study reports the microcapsulation of allopurinol by the solvent evaporation method and the release of the drug from the microcapsules. The effect of concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) (as a surfactant), molecular weight of ethyl cellulose and stirrer speed in the preparative method were studied. The effect of molecular weight of ethyl cellulose and particle size on drug release were also investigated. It has been found that the drug release is decreased with increasing molecular weight of polymer and increasing particle size.

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