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This study assessed the pattern of drug abuse and the reasons for relapse of addiction among male drug addicts seeking rehabilitative services in different centres in Lahore, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on male drug abusers from April to December 2016. Nonprobability purposive sampling was done to collect a sample of 119 participants. A structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. Out of 119 participants, 71.4% were in the age group 15-35 years. Educational levels were low in the majority, with 68.1% below secondary education. Unmarried (51.3%) and unemployed (44.5%) participants were at the greatest risk of using drugs. The age of addiction in 45% of patients was < 18 years and 40% had been abusing substances for > 5 years. Reasons for starting drug abuse were recreation (37%), curiosity (34.5%), and lifechanging events (14.3%). Reasons for relapse included association with former addicts, negative reactions from family, inability to manage the craving and work/social stress. Schéma de dépendance et de rechute parmi les toxicomanes habituels à Lahore, PakistanRÉSUMÉ La présente étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer les schémas d'abus de substances psychoactives et les causes de rechute parmi les hommes toxicomanes recherchant des services de réadaptation dans différents centres de Lahore, au Pakistan. Une enquête transversale a été conduite sur les utilisateurs de substances psychoactives de sexe masculin entre avril et décembre 2016. Un échantillonnage non probabiliste par choix raisonné a été réalisé afin d'établir un échantillon de 119 participants. Un questionnaire structuré et des entretiens approfondis ont été utilisés pour la collecte de données. Sur les 119 participants, 71,4 % appartenaient au groupe d'âge des 15-35 ans. Les niveaux d'éducation étaient faibles dans la plupart des cas, 68,1 % n'ayant pas atteint l'enseignement secondaire. Les hommes célibataires (51,3 %) et chômeurs (44,5 %) étaient exposés à un risque accru de toxicomanie. L'âge de la mise en place de la dépendance était inférieur à 18 ans chez 45 % des patients, 40 % d'entre eux consommant des substances psychoactives depuis plus de 5 ans. L'aspect récréatif (37 %), la curiosité (34,5 %) et les changements de vie (14,3 %) comptaient parmi les raisons pour lesquelles les patients commençaient à utiliser des substances psychoactives. Les causes de rechute incluaient le regroupement avec d'anciens toxicomanes, les réactions négatives de la famille, l'incapacité à gérer le manque, et le stress professionnel et social.

The aim of the study was to explore the effects of cooperative learning on General Science achievement among 9 th class students. Based upon previous research literature it was hypothesized that significant difference existed between the mean posttest scores of General Science achievement of experimental group and control group. The pretest posttest control group design was chosen for the experiment. The study sample consisted of 36 students of 9 th class who were equally distributed among experimental group and control group, matched on the basic of their annual examination at general science scores. The dependent variable of General Science achievement was measured through self-constructed 30-item achievement test used as a pretest as well as a posttest. The experiment group was taught through cooperative learning while control group was taught through traditional teaching. The material was used such as lesson plans, worksheets and quizzes, designed to implement cooperative learning methodology. The data were analyzed through mean, standard deviation and t-test and .05 was the selected level of significance. The main result of the study was that cooperative learning method is superior to traditional method in general science achievement of 9 th grade students.